hard
- adj.坚固的;硬的;坚硬的;艰难的;艰苦的;用力的;努力的;确凿的;结实的;难懂的;寒冷的;难做的;困苦的;冷酷无情的;难以回答的;硬音的;耗费体力（或脑力）的;酒精浓度高的;准备战斗的
- adv.努力地;艰难地;猛烈地;费力地;沉重地;猛力地;向左 / 右急转弯;彻底认真地
- n.(囚犯的)强迫苦役;硬海滩
最高级： hardest 比较级： harder 派生词： hardness n.
hardadj.
坚固；坚硬 solid/stiff
坚固的；坚硬的；结实的
solid, firm or stiff and difficult to bend or break
Wait for the concrete to go hard.
等待混凝土凝结。
a hard mattress
硬床垫
Diamonds are the hardest known mineral.
钻石是已知的最坚硬的矿石。
不易 difficult
难做的；难懂的；难以回答的
difficult to do, understand or answer
a hard choice/question
为难的选择；难以回答的问题
It is hard to believe that she's only nine.
很难相信她只有九岁。
It's hard to see how they can lose.
很难理解他们怎么会输。
‘When will the job be finished?’ ‘It's hard to say (= it is difficult to be certain) .’
“什么时候能完成这项工作？”“难说。”
I find his attitude very hard to take (= difficult to accept) .
他的态度让我难以接受。
It's hard for old people to change their ways.
老年人难以改变他们的习惯。
It must be hard for her, bringing up four children on her own.
她一个人抚养四个孩子一定很艰难。
We're finding reliable staff hard to come by (= difficult to get) .
我们觉得难以找到可靠的职员。
困苦的；艰苦的；艰难的
full of difficulty and problems, especially because of a lack of money
Times were hard at the end of the war.
战争后期生活很艰苦。
She's had a hard life.
她一生艰苦。
费力；用力 needing/using effort
耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的
needing or using a lot of physical strength or mental effort
It's hard work shovelling snow.
铲雪是个苦活儿。
I've had a long hard day.
我这一天是又长又累。
努力的；勤劳的
putting a lot of effort or energy into an activity
She's a very hard worker.
她工作很卖力。
He's hard at work on a new novel.
他正努力忙着写一本新小说。
When I left they were all still hard at it (= working hard) .
我离开的时候他们都还在努力工作。
用力的；猛烈的
done with a lot of strength or force
He gave the door a good hard kick.
他狠狠踢了一下门。
a hard punch
砰的一拳
缺乏同情心 without sympathy
冷酷无情的；硬心肠的；苛刻的
showing no sympathy or affection
My father was a hard man.
我父亲是个不讲情面的人。
She gave me a hard stare.
她狠狠地看了我一眼。
He said some very hard things to me.
他对我说了些很不近人情的话。
不畏惧 not afraid
准备战斗的；不软弱退缩的
ready to fight and showing no signs of fear or weakness
Come and get me if you think you're hard enough.
你要是觉得自己有种，就冲着我来吧。
You think you're really hard, don't you?
你是不是以为自己真的很勇猛？
事实；证据 facts/evidence
确凿的；可证实的；可靠的
definitely true and based on information that can be proved
Is there any hard evidence either way?
不管正反，有什么确凿证据吗？
The newspaper story is based on hard facts .
报纸的这篇报道有可靠的事实根据。
天气 weather
寒冷的；凛冽的
very cold and severe
It had been a hard winter .
那年冬天特别冷。
There was a hard frost that night.
那天晚上寒冷多霜。
饮料 drink
酒精浓度高的；烈性的
strongly alcoholic
hard liquor
烈酒
a drop of the hard stuff (= a strong alcoholic drink)
少许烈酒
水 water
硬的（含钙及镁盐较多）
containing calcium and other mineral salts that make mixing with soap difficult
a hard water area
硬水区
Our water is very hard.
我们的水很硬。
辅音 consonants
硬音的（如字母c或g在cat或go等词中的发音）
used to describe a letter c or g when pronounced as in ‘cat’ or ‘go’, rather than as in ‘city’ or ‘giant’
water hardness
水的硬度
hardness of heart
硬心肠
to argue in an aggressive way and force sb to agree on the best possible price or arrangement
to deliberately make a situation difficult and unpleasant for sb
面试时他们确实是在难为我。
They really gave me a hard time at the interview.
that cannot be changed in any circumstances
这事没有什么硬性的规定。
There are no hard and fast rules about this.
showing no sympathy, kindness or fear
used as a way of saying that you are sorry about sth, usually ironically (= you really mean the opposite)
difficult to understand or needing a lot of effort
我觉得他最近的这部小说很晦涩。
I'm finding his latest novel very hard going.
used to tell sb that you feel sorry for them
“恐怕我又失败了。”“哦，太不幸了。”
‘Failed again, I'm afraid.’ ‘Oh, hard luck.’
by having an unpleasant experience or by making mistakes
她不肯听我的忠告，所以只好吃了苦头才知道厉害。
She won't listen to my advice so she'll just have to learn the hard way .
to use more time or energy on a task than is necessary
used to tell sb you have been arguing with or have beaten in a contest that you would still like to be friendly with them
看来我又赢了。你不会不高兴吧，戴夫？
It looks like I'm the winner again. No hard feelings, Dave, eh?
to make yourself seem more attractive or interesting by not immediately accepting an invitation to do sth
needing too much effort
我懒得做热饭热菜——太麻烦了。
I can't be bothered making a hot meal─it's too much like hard work.
a person who is so good or successful at sth that it will be difficult for anyone else coming after them to be as good or successful
to have difficulty doing sth
要让他们信服你是对的还要费点劲。
You'll have a job convincing them that you're right.
He had a hard job to make himself heard.
他好不容易才使别人听见他的声音。
a difficult problem or situation to deal with
in a situation where you have to choose between two things, both of which are unpleasant
adv.
努力 with effort
努力地；费力地；艰难地
with great effort; with difficulty
to work hard
努力工作
You must try harder .
你得更加努力。
She tried her hardest not to show how disappointed she was.
她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。
Don't hit it so hard!
别这么用力打！
He was still breathing hard after his run.
他跑完步，现在还气喘吁吁的。
Our victory was hard won (= won with great difficulty) .
我们的胜利来之不易。
猛力 with force
猛力地；猛烈地
with great force
Small businesses have been hit hard / hard hit by the recession.
小企业受到了经济衰退的沉重打击。
仔细 carefully
彻底认真地
very carefully and thoroughly
to think hard
认真思考
We thought long and hard before deciding to move house.
我们经过长久慎重的考虑之后才决定搬家。
大量 a lot
沉重地；大量地；长时间地
heavily; a lot or for a long time
It was raining hard when we set off.
我们出发时正下着大雨。
左；右 left/right
向左 / 右急转弯
at a sharp angle to the left/right
Turn hard right at the next junction.
在下个路口处向右急转弯。
to be or feel unfairly treated
她完全有权觉得委屈——她父母什么都没给她。
She has every right to feel hard done by─her parents have given her nothing.
to find it very difficult to do sth
他很难对她的消失作出解释。
He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance.
to have too few or too little of sth
我们再想不出主意了。
We're hard up for ideas.
very soon after
她死后不久，他也死了。
His death followed hard on hers.
to be very upset by sth
他对妻子的死感到很难过。
He took his wife's death very hard.
used to say that things change very slowly
very close behind sb/sth; very soon after sth
出口数字下降之后紧接着就是失业率上升的消息。
News of rising unemployment followed hard on the heels of falling export figures.
The adverb from the adjective hard is hard .形容词hard的副词为hard：
I have to work hard today.
今天我得努力工作。
She has thought very hard about her future plans.
她曾经悉心思考她未来的计划。
It was raining hard outside.
外面雨下得很大。
Hardly is an adverb meaning ‘almost not’.该词不能代替hard：
I hardly ever go to concerts.
我很少去听音乐会。
I can hardly wait for my birthday.
我迫切等待着我的生日。
I’ve been working hardly today.
She has thought very hardly about her future plans.
It was raining hardly outside.
hard
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1
ADJ-GRADED 硬的;坚硬的;坚固的
Something that is hard is very firm and stiff to touch and is not easily bent, cut, or broken.He shuffled his feet on the hard wooden floor...
他拖着脚在硬木地板上走动。
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He felt the hardness of the iron railing press against his spine.
他感觉到硬邦邦的铁栏杆顶着自己的脊梁。
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3
ADJ-GRADED 难做的;困难的
Something that is hard is very difficult to do or deal with.It's hard to tell what effect this latest move will have...
很难说最近这次行动会有什么结果。
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4
ADV-GRADED 努力地;使劲地
If you work hard doing something, you are very active or work intensely, with a lot of effort.I'll work hard. I don't want to let him down...
我会努力工作，我不想让他失望。
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5
ADJ-GRADED 累人的;费力的;费劲的
Hard work involves a lot of activity and effort.Coping with three babies is very hard work...
照顾3个宝宝是非常累人的活儿。
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6
ADV-GRADED 仔细地;认真地
If you look, listen, or think hard, you do it carefully and with a great deal of attention.He looked at me hard...
他使劲盯着我看。
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7
ADV-GRADED 猛力地;用力地
If you strike or take hold of something hard, you strike or take hold of it with a lot of force.I kicked a dustbin very hard and broke my toe.
我狠狠地踢了一脚垃圾箱，结果脚趾骨折了。
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8
ADV-GRADED 强烈地;猛烈的;长时间地
You can use hard to indicate that something happens intensely and for a long time.I've never seen Terry laugh so hard...
我从未见过特里如此放声大笑。
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9
ADJ-GRADED 冷酷无情的;心肠硬的
If a person or their expression is hard, they show no kindness or sympathy.His father was a hard man...
他的父亲是个冷酷无情的人。
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10
ADJ-GRADED 苛刻的;严厉的;不友善的
If you are hard on someone, you treat them severely or unkindly.Don't be so hard on him.
别对他太苛刻了。
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11
ADJ-GRADED 有害的;不利的
If you say that something is hard on a person or thing, you mean it affects them in a way that is likely to cause them damage or suffering.The grey light was hard on the eyes...
光线暗淡对眼睛不利。
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12
ADJ-GRADED （生活、一段日子）艰难的，艰苦的
If you have a hard life or a hard period of time, your life or that period is difficult and unpleasant for you.It had been a hard life for her...
对她而言，那是一段非常艰苦的生活。
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In America, people don't normally admit to the hardness of life.
在美国，人们通常不承认生活过得艰苦。
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14
ADJ-GRADED 非常寒冷的;凛冽的
A hard winter or a hard frost is a very cold one....a prolonged period of hard frost...
漫长的强霜冻期
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15
ADJ-GRADED （颜色）刺目的，晃眼的;（声音）刺耳的，难听的
Hard colours or sounds are harsh or bright and unpleasant to see or hear.The sea was a hard blue.
大海呈一片耀眼的蓝色。
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16
ADJ （证据、资料）可靠的，确凿的
Hard evidence or facts are definitely true and do not need to be questioned.He wanted more hard evidence...
他想要更多确凿的证据。
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17
ADJ-GRADED （水质）硬的（指含钙化合物较多）
Hard water contains a lot of calcium compounds that stop soap making bubbles and sometimes appear as a deposit in kettles and baths. -
18
ADJ （毒品）毒性强的，烈性的
Hard drugs are very strong illegal drugs such as heroin or cocaine. -
19
ADJ （语音）发硬音的
In phonetics, a hard sound is one such as 'c' or 'g' as pronounced in the words 'cat' or 'give', and not as in the words 'cinema' or 'general'. -
20
PREP-PHRASE 离…很近的
If one thing is hard by another, it is very close to it.Paradise Street was a short, crowded street near the railway station and hard by the factory.
天堂街是火车站附近一条拥挤的小街道，离该工厂很近。
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21
PHRASE 受到不公平待遇的;委屈的
If you feel hard done by, you feel that you have not been treated fairly.The hall porter was feeling hard done by at having to extend his shift.
酒店行李搬运工因为被迫延长当班时间而愤愤不平。
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22
PHRASE 困难的;艰难的
If you say that something is hard going, you mean it is difficult and requires a lot of effort.The talks had been hard going at the start.
会谈从一开始就举步维艰。
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23
PHRASE 受到沉重打击的;受严重影响的
To be hard hit by something means to be affected very severely by it.California's been particularly hard hit by the recession.
加利福尼亚受经济衰退的影响尤为严重。
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24
PHRASE 佯装不感兴趣;故意摆谱
If someone plays hard to get, they pretend not to be interested in another person or in what someone is trying to persuade them to do.I wanted her and she was playing hard to get.
我想得到她，但她却故意装出不感兴趣的样子。
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25
PHRASE 十分困难的;处于困境的
If someone is hard put to do something or, in British English if they are hard pushed to do something, they have great difficulty doing it.Mr Morton is undoubtedly cleverer than Mr Kirkby, but he will be hard put to match his popularity.
莫顿先生无疑比柯克比先生更聪明，但他将很难像柯克比先生那样受人欢迎。
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26
PHRASE 为…而非常苦恼（或难受）；因…而沮丧
If you take something hard, you are very upset or depressed by it.Maybe I just took it too hard.
可能我真的对此事太过耿耿于怀。
adj
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1
- not easy;requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure
- a difficult task
- nesting places on the cliffs are difficult of access
- difficult times
- why is it so hard for you to keep a secret?
- Synonym: difficult
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2
- characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion;especially physical effort
- worked their arduous way up the mining valley
- a grueling campaign
- hard labor
- heavy work
- heavy going
- spent many laborious hours on the project
- set a punishing pace
- Synonym: arduous backbreaking grueling gruelling heavy laborious operose punishing toilsome
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3
- dried out
- hard dry rolls left over from the day before
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4
- unfortunate or hard to bear
- had hard luck
- a tough break
- Synonym: tough
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5
- resisting weight or pressure
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6
- dispassionate
- took a hard look
- a hard bargainer
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7
- (of speech sounds);produced with the back of the tongue raised toward or touching the velum
- Russian distinguished between hard consonants and palatalized or soft consonants
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8
- (of light) transmitted directly from a pointed light source
- Synonym: concentrated
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9
- being distilled rather than fermented;having a high alcoholic content
- hard liquor
- Synonym: strong
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10
- given to excessive indulgence of bodily appetites especially for intoxicating liquors
- a hard drinker
- Synonym: intemperate heavy
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11
- produced without vibration of the vocal cords
- unvoiced consonants such as `p' and `k' and `s'
- Synonym: unvoiced voiceless surd
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12
- very strong or vigorous
- strong winds
- a hard left to the chin
- a knockout punch
- a severe blow
- Synonym: knockout severe
adv
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1
- with effort or force or vigor
- the team played hard
- worked hard all day
- pressed hard on the lever
- hit the ball hard
- slammed the door hard
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2
- to the full extent possible;all the way
- hard alee
- the ship went hard astern
- swung the wheel hard left
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3
- slowly and with difficulty
- prejudices die hard
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4
- causing great damage or hardship
- industries hit hard by the depression
- she was severely affected by the bank's failure
- Synonym: severely
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5
- with firmness
- held hard to the railing
- Synonym: firmly
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6
- earnestly or intently
- thought hard about it
- stared hard at the accused
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7
- with pain or distress or bitterness
- he took the rejection very hard
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8
- very near or close in space or time
- it stands hard by the railroad tracks
- they were hard on his heels
- a strike followed hard upon the plant's opening
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9
- into a solid condition
- concrete that sets hard within a few hours
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10
- indulging excessively
- he drank heavily
- Synonym: heavily intemperately
数据来源：WordNet
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And more rain , rather than snow , when it falls onto freezing ground , forms a hard layer of ice that the animals simply can 't push their noses through to feed .
同时，更多的降雨而非降雪使得雨滴落在冻土上时形成坚固的冰层，这样一来驯鹿完全没办法把鼻子伸进去进食。
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As our typewriters are made of light and hard alloy they are both portable and endurable .
因为我们的打字机是由轻而坚固的合成制成，所以轻便携带又很耐用。
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People tend to work hard at this stage of life .
人在这个人生阶段往往发奋努力。
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Her job is hard work , but the pay is good .
她工作虽辛苦，但薪水不低。
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When I left they were all still hard at it .
我离开的时候他们都还在努力工作。
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You think you 're really hard , don 't you ?
你是不是以为自己真的很勇猛？
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Come and get me if you think you 're hard enough .
你要是觉得自己有种，就冲着我来吧。
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Her show now has a hard political edge to it .
她现在的表演具有强烈的政治性。
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Their success was the result of years of hard graft .
他们的成功是多年艰苦奋斗的结果。
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I find his attitude a little hard to take .
我觉得他的态度有点儿令人难以接受。
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It was hard going getting up at five every morning .
每天早上五点钟起床太难了。
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He said some very hard things to me .
他对我说了些很不近人情的话。
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We 've got a lot of hard work ahead .
我们往后还有很多艰苦工作要做。
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The end result of her hard work was a place at medical school .
她勤奋苦读，终于进了医学院。
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He had a hard job to make himself heard .
他好不容易才使别人听见他的声音。
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They worked hard to give their children a good start in life .
他们力争为孩子们奠定一个良好的基础。
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All these students are good , but some work harder than others .
所有这些学生都不错，但有的用功多些，有的用功少些。
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She worked hard so that everything would be ready in time .
她卖力地干着，为的是一切能够及时就序。
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We need to take a long hard look at all the options .
我们需要十分谨慎地考虑所有的选择。
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You can only achieve success through hard work .
你得孜孜不倦方能成功。
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There are no hard and fast rules about this .
这事没有什么硬性的规定。
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Don 't come down too hard on her .
不要太严厉地责备她。
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It was hard to tell the difference between the two versions .
很难分辨出这两个版本有什么区别。
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She has thought very hard about her future plans .
她曾经悉心思考她未来的计划。
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It 's not as hard as I thought .
这没有我想象的那么困难。
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She 's had a hard life .
她一生艰苦。
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I find his attitude very hard to take .
他的态度让我难以接受。
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It 's hard to say what caused the accident .
很难说造成事故的原因是什么。
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We thought long and hard before deciding to move house .
我们经过长久慎重的考虑之后才决定搬家。
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Our water is very hard .
我们的水很硬。
指因需要努力或技巧而难以做成、理解或处理的。
Moving that huge stone was difficult.
移动那块大石头很费劲。
The poem is difficult to read.
这首诗很难读懂。
The entrance exam of that school was not difficult.
那所学校的入学考试不难。
尤指在一段时间内需耗费大量体力和精力才能完成的。
The arduous task is of great challenge to him.
这项艰巨的工作对他是个很大的挑战。
All the 6 adventurers survived the arduous journey through the desert.
6名探险家都完成了穿越沙漠的艰难旅程。
指事情不好理解、处理或不容易做的。
He found that it is hard to learn English well.
他发现学好英语很难。
It's hard to say which is right.
很难说哪一个是正确的。
More practice will make us a hard team to beat.
多加练习，我们就能成为一支难以战胜的球队。
因存在或将会引发问题等而难以完成或处理的，尤指在情感上难以抉择的。
His company survived a tough year.
他的公司挺过了艰难的一年。
Those tough questions really embarrassed him.
那些难以回答的问题的确让他很难堪。
指不软也不是特别硬，但不易变形的。
She can't sleep well on a firm mattress.
她在硬床垫上睡不好。
He bought several firm green apples on his way home.
他在回家的路上买了几个硬的青苹果。
指硬实得难以按下、切开、弄碎等的。
This piece of rock is so hard that you can barely embed anything in it.
这块岩石太硬了，几乎什么也嵌不进去。
There was almost no rain this year so the ground is now as hard as stone.
今年一年几乎没下雨，现在土地硬得像石头一样。
指材料很硬，很难或无法弯曲的。
Be careful! This kind of plastic is inflexible.
小心！这种塑料不能弯曲。
形容人时指某人神态严肃的或待人处事要求严格、不讲情面的；形容事物时指法律、批评等异常严厉的，近乎苛刻。
The general had a severe manner.
那位将军态度严肃。
My teacher was equally severe on students who were late for class.
我的老师对所有迟到的学生都同样严厉。
The Prime Minister came under severe criticism for his handling of the crisis.
首相对这场危机的处理受到了强烈批评。
指人的举动令人觉得毫无怜悯之心的。
He is a cold-hearted man.
他是一个冷酷无情的人。
I had no idea he could be so cold-hearted.
我没想到他会这么铁石心肠。
指对他人过分严厉的、苛刻的。
His father was a hard man.
他父亲是个不讲情面的人。
She is too hard on her assistant.
她对待自己的助手太苛刻了。
指对待他人或对他人的批评非常严厉的、苛刻的。
He suffered harsh criticism from his colleagues.
他受到了同事们的严厉批评。
He received a harsh punishment from his English teacher yesterday.
昨天英语老师严厉责罚了他。
The critics had nothing but harsh words for her new book.
批评家对她的新著只有苛刻的批评。
- 习语
同义词
firm solid tough complicated difficult incoherent chill complex unintelligible hefty chunky concerted massive rough raw undeniable diamantine sturdy valid arduous stiff unyielding cold wintry strenuous unenviable conclusive well built inflexible frigid substantial robust nippy harsh parky torrid inhuman incomprehensible severe rugged strong hot painful impalpable