流刑

论北朝的流刑制度

On Exile in Northern Dynasties

因此说，流刑的演变往往真实反映了某个时期国家政策的特定变化。

In other words , the evolution of exile punishment reflects the changes of country policy in certain period .

流刑作为五刑之一被列入法条，才开始大量被应用在司法实践中。

Exiled in deciding one was included in the law , just began to be applied in judicial practice .

流刑用于惩治性质严重的各种犯罪，并非侧重于政治方面。

The banishment , used to punish serious crimes , was not merely the result of the political struggles .

其次，流刑的变化，与我国历史上另一个重要刑罚种类密切相关，即肉刑。

Secondly , the change of exile punishment is closely linked by another important punishment , namely corporal punishment .

摘要内容：流刑是中国古代历史上一种重要的刑罚方式。

The punishment of banishment , originated from the primitive society , is an important penalty in the history of Ancient China .

最后，流刑的发展变化，还受到了汉民族文化以外的其他文化的影响，特别是周边少数民族文化的影响。

Thirdly , the development and evolution of exile punishment is also influenced by other ethnic culture , especially the surrounding national minorities culture .

唐朝继承了这五刑，并有了加役流刑，罪犯也需要服劳役，可是唐朝的监狱仍然是以拘禁监为主。

The Tang dynasty inherited the Five Penalties , and established the banishment with corvee , which means the the offender also need to servitude .

流刑在世界很多地方都曾出现过，如古代的中国、古印度，古希腊，沙皇俄国。

The penalty of exile have appeared in many parts of the world , such as the ancient China , ancient India , the ancient Greeks , tsarist Russia .

在传统的五刑制中，流刑处于降死一等的重刑地位。琼斯是一名负责严重刑事侦缉的侦探。

Within the traditional system of five punishments , banishment was a severe sentence second only to a sentence of death . Jones is a police detective from the Homicide squad .

第一阶段从先秦时期到唐末，这一时期的流刑形态比较传统，以单纯的放逐、驱逐为主。

The first stage is from the pre-Qin Dynasty to Tang Dynasty , in this period , the exile modality is quite traditional , which is in the form of pure banish .

在流放类型上，清代不仅承袭了传统的流刑、迁徙、充军等刑罚，还首创了极具特色的发遣刑罚。

As for the types of banishment , Qing Dynasty not only succeeded conventional banishment , migration and military exiles , but also created the characteristic frontier banishment ( faqian or waiqian ) .

在卡夫卡的笔下（以《变形记》、《乡村医生》、《在流刑营》和《饥饿艺术家》为解读文本），孤独源于无法展开的交流。

For him , loneliness ( as described in his Metamorphosis , A Country Doctor , In the Penal Colony and A Hunger Artist ) originates from the failure of communication between people .

其实，流人就是触犯刑法（流刑）之人。流民的迁徙，主要是自发行为，他们仍有人身自由。配刑在起源、性质、内容等方面均不同于流刑，也比流刑残酷。

Actually , exiles were those who violated the criminal law ( the punishment of banishment ); The penalty of banishing as a military servant was different from the penalty of banishment in origin , character , content , ect .

流刑萌芽于原始社会时期，到北朝时期正式被列为五刑之一，成为仅次于死刑的重刑，后一直持续到清朝取消流放制度为止。

It was officially included as one of the five chief forms of punishment in the Northern Dynasty period , and then been kept to be the most severe penalty , except for the death penalty , until it was abolished in Qing regime .

汉初的刑罚体系是文景刑制改革的基础，由主刑、辅刑、流刑构成，三种子体系在社会不同层面，对维护西汉统治发挥了极为重要的作用。

The system of punishment in the early Han dynasty was the foundation of Wen Jing reform on punishment . This system was composed of principal penalty system assist penalty system and banish penalty system , which is very important of domination in western han dynasty .