年费用

每增加1000万m3用水量，工程总投资就减少0.51亿元左右，新增工程年费用减少463.55万元。

When the water increases 1000 million m3 , the investment of total project will decreases 0.51 billion yuan , and the adding annual cost of project will decrease 463.55 million yuan .

优化模型考虑线路投资的时间价值，以计及投资和损耗费用的年费用最小为目标函数，采用点溶合法求解备选网络的生成树作为Tabu搜索的初始解。

The optimization module consideres the time value of capital investment , and the minimum annual cost is its object which takes investment and loss into account , and the generation tree of the alternative network is used as Tabu search initial solution .

以年费用最小为目标，将系统的设计问题表达为1个混合整数非线性规划（MINLP）。

Finally the optimum design problem can be formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear programming ( MINLP ) problem , which minimizes the total annualized cost .

有效扩散系数和介质温度间的Arrhenius关系：在试验建立的干燥动力学模型的基础上建立了以年费用为目标函数，级间湿含量为决策变量的优化模型。

The Arrhenius relationship between effective diffusion coefficient and the gas temperature is : Base on the drying kinetics model , establishing an optimization model for annual cost as objective function , particle middle moisture content as decision variables .

算例表明，所设计的并联输水管道，可明显节省年费用。

Case studies show that the annual cost of the system designed by this model can be cut down .

通过求出调速前的泵站年费用和不同的调速方案的年费用，然后进行比较，确定调速改造方案可行性和最佳调速改造方案。

After the annual costs before and after the speed adjustment are compared , the best scheme is achieved .

输配水工程在给水系统投资和年费用中占有相当大的比例。

A water distribution system occupies a considerable proportion in the investment and annual cost of the water supply system .

对满足同一防洪标准的各种防洪措施，也可用年费用最小的原则优选。

Flood protection measures under the same flood prevention criteria may be optimistically selected by the criteria of minimum yearly cost .

因此，寻求整个供水系统的造价最低或年费用最小的设计方案对提高经济效益和社会效益等有着重要的现实意义。

So the designing plan that minimizes the costs of the system is more important significance to improve economical and social benefits .

采用考虑货币时间价值的动态数学模型分析了管道流量与年费用折算值的关系，通过绘制界限流量图提出选取经济管径的方法。

Dynamic mathematical model considering the time value of investment is used to discuss the relationships between the pipe flow and economical diameter .

在此基础上，以系统年费用最小为目标函数，建立优化设计数学模型，采用混合遗传算法求解。

Taking the least investment of the pipe network as objective function , optimal design mathematic model solved by combined Genetic Algorithm method was established .

以某镇输配水工程为背景，作了实例计算分析，说明了该方法设计乡镇输配水工程，可明显节省年费用。

The case study shows that the annual cost of the water distribution networks of a small town can be saved evidently by using the design method .

经济方面采用动态年费用值法，环境方面主要考虑系统的污染物排放量和二氧化碳减排量。

Of which economic benefit contrast used cost year-end value method , and conservation aspect was detailedly analyzed discharge amount of primary energy pollutants , greenhouse gas reduction .

这组科学家在《美国科学院学报》的一篇论文中说，保护一个地点的年费用在470美元到350万美元之间。

Writing in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the researchers say the annual cost of protecting each site would vary from US $ 470 to US $ 3,500,000 .

根据该方法，以年费用最小为目标函数，将优化问题分解为投资主问题与运行子问题，并在两个问题间迭代求解。

According to this method , the optimization problem is decomposed into an investment subproblem and an operation subproblem , and the solution is determined by iterative procedure between both problems .

伍伦贡大学的一个研究小组对两类健身会员进行了比较，一类是提前支付一年费用的会员，另一类则是办了一年制会员卡但可每两周分期付款的人。

A team from the University of Wollongong compared people who paid for a year 's gym membership in advance to those who signed a contract but paid by fortnightly salary deductions .

针对选定的最优方案进行敏感性分析，分析结果表明：随着水量的增加工程投资和工程新增年费用都是呈逐渐减少的趋势。

Sensitivity analysis has been applied into the optimum scheme . The results show that the investment of total project and the adding annual cost of projects are gradually decreased with increasing water .

在设计中综合考虑了泵的扬程和泵的价格等因素，使设计出的整个灌溉系统运行于较经济的节能状态，并使系统的年费用最小。

The factors of pump lift and pump price have been considered comprehensively in design , thus making whole irrigation system work under the economical and energy-saving condition and making the system have minimum yearly cost .

文章以年费用最小为目标函数，应用网络理论和动态规划进行乡镇输配水工程优化设计研究，建立了优化设计数学模型。

In this paper , with the minimum annual cost taken as objective function , an optimum design method for the water distribution networks of small towns is presented by using network theory and dynamic programming method .

针对长距离并联输水系统的特点，以年费用最小为目标，应用动态规划建立了优化设计数学模型。

In view of the special nature of long distance parallel conduit system , this paper took the minimum annual cost of the system as objective function and built an optimal design model by using dynamic programming .

本文根据管网优化设计年费用最小的原则，结合低压管灌的运行特点，推导出确定管灌管网经济管径的计算公式。

According to the principle of minimum annual cost of optimum design for pipe network and the operational characteristic of low-pressure pipe irrigation , the formula of economic diameter for pipe network is infered in this paper .

根据对系统的分析，分别以新增农业节水工程年费用最小、新增年净效益最大和新增节水灌溉工程投资最小为目标，建立单目标农业节水最优规划模型。

According to system analysis , the single objective models of optimal programming of agricultural water saving has been established by taking the minimum newly added annual cost , investment and most newly added annual benefit as goal .

优化模型中考虑线路投资的时间价值，以年费用最小为目标，以线路传输容量、电压降、配电网的辐射性等为约束条件；

The optimal module considers the time value of capital investment , takes the minimum annual cost as its object , and the capacity and voltage drop of feeder and the radiation of distribution network as its restrictions .

应用上述模型，可进行机压管道式喷灌系统配水干管管网的优化计算，可确定水泵最优扬程及干管各管段尺寸最优值，以使干管管网系统年费用值达最小。

With the model , the design of sprinkler pipeline network can be optimized , the optimal lift head and pipe size were determined , and the annual operational cost was minimized . They always connected water with their attitude .

当污水水源温度高于50益时，污水直接供热和污水+热泵调峰供热方案的年费用值均低于燃煤锅炉供热方案，可与传统供热方案相竞争。

When sewage temperature more than 50 ℃, sewage heating independently and sewage heating + heat pump heating at peak load are lower than coal burning boiler heating . The two kinds of heating modes can compete with traditional heating modes .

研究了气化站储罐优化配置问题，在满足气化站正常供气的前提下，应用整数非线性规划理论建立了优化模型，使存储年费用最小。

The optimized configuration of storage tanks in vaporizing station is studied . On the premise of meeting the normal gas supply in vaporizing station , the optimization model is established using integer non-linear programming theory to minimize the annual storage cost .

在系统优化方面，本文首次提出了以包括管网、灌水器、水泵、电机等设备在内的微灌系统的年费用最小为目标函数，利用基因算法求解的方法。

As for the optimization of pipe system , the method of solving the objective function of the least annual cost of micro-irrigation system including the pipe system , irrigation tool , pump and electromotor is presented for the first time in this paper .

通过建立非线性数学规划模型，用遗传算法求解，对变频泵供水方式下环状给水管网进行优化设计，求得管网年费用最小情况下管段管径、扬程和设计秒流量。

By establishing non-linear mathematical programming model which solved by genetic algorithm , an optimal design is made of the annular water supply network which supplied by frequency conversion pump , the pipe diameter , lift and design flow can be gotten under the condition of least annual cost .

在保证各阶段供水流量和压力条件下，可确定各供水阶段所需扬程和各输水管段尺寸的最优值，使系统年费用最低。

In the case of ensuring water supply flow and pressure in each section , the lift required by each water supply section and the optimal values of sizes of each water transporting section can be determined so as to make the yearly cost of the system be the lowest .

我们只须按程序要求输入n个电站的比例系数，便可求出各电站的装机容量和年最小费用。

We only need input the proportion coefficient of power station , therefore , he can get the capacity and minimum fee of each year .