猛犸象

研究人员从一头43000岁的猛犸象标本中获取了其血红蛋白DNA，然后用大肠杆菌培养新的血红蛋白。

Researchers got the DNA that codes for hemoglobin from a 43,000-year-old mammoth specimen . They then used E. coli bacteria to produce actual mammoth hemoglobin .

影响西伯利亚南部猛犸象动物群消亡的主要变化可能开始于末次冰期冰盛期（LGM）之后。

The major change that influenced the demise of the mammoth fauna in southern Siberia was probably initiated after the Last Glaciation Maximum ( LGM ) .

尼安德特人能够捕杀浑身覆毛的猛犸象和熊。

Neanderthal man was able to kill woolly mammoths and bears .

因为有少数关键的DNA结构发生改变，所以可以推出猛犸象的血红蛋白可以在低温环境下把氧气输送到身体的各个部位。

Due to just a few key structural changes , mammoth hemoglobin can release oxygen more readily at cold temperatures .

为了追溯它们的演化过程，研究人员对大象和其他哺乳动物（包括猛犸象和乳齿象等虽然已经灭绝，但DNA在化石中得到保存的现代象的“亲戚们”）的基因组进行了大规模的比对。

To trace their evolution , the researchers made a large-scale comparison of elephants to other mammal species - including extinct relatives like woolly mammoths and mastodons whose DNA remains in their fossils .

Surovell提出，如果主要原因在于人类，那么特定地区大象和猛犸象的灭绝情况应与人类在该地区的扩张一致。

If humans caused the elephant and mammoth extinctions , Surovell reasoned , the timing of the die-offs in specific regions should match human expansion into those regions .

请他们将猛犸象定为官方州化石

urging them to make the woolly mammoth the official state fossil

我们狩猎驯鹿，猛犸象。野牛，野马。

We hunted reindeer , mammoths . Bison , horses .

他们发现70%的猛犸象是雄性的。

And they found that 70 percent of the mammoths were males .

大象祖先即长毛猛犸象。

Elephant ancestors are known as the woolly mammoth .

不过现在科学家们在那些猛犸象的遗骸中留意到了一个奇怪的趋势。

But now scientists have noticed a strange trend among those mammoth remains .

从早期的猛犸象进化而来的长毛象生存于约40万年前。

The woolly mammoth evolved from earlier mammoth species around 400000 years ago .

如果我是最后的猛犸象怎么办？

What if I am the last mammoth ?

因为猛犸象化石早在1725年就发现于州里

because a woolly mammoth fossil was found in the state way back in 1725

不同的实验室正在对这些猛犸象骨骼进行放射性碳测定，以更加精确地得知这些化石的年龄。

Various labs are doing radiocarbon-dating of the bones to more precisely date them .

从前，长毛猛犸象曾高达180英尺。

Once Woolly Mammoths stood 180 feet high .

“猛犸象是什么样子的？”孩子们好奇地问他们的老师。

" What was a mammoth like ?" the children asked their teacher curiously .

然后州参议院通过的法案中却将猛犸象定义为

But the state senate passed a bill defining the woolly mammoth as having been

或许，猛犸象又可以在地球上散步了。

Mammoths could walk the earth again .

数百万年前，猛犸象从非洲出发，进军欧亚大陆。

A couple million years ago , mammoths migrated north from Africa to colonize Eurasia .

他讲述看见了巨大的动物-类似古代活动的猛犸象-在灌木里行走。

He tells of seeing tremendous animals resembling the mammoths of antiquity moving through the brush .

为此，研究小组分析了大象和猛犸象被人类捕杀的时间和地点等情况。

The team tested both theories by analyzing where and when elephants and mammoths were killed .

研究人员用基因测试的方式对98具西伯利亚猛犸象遗骸的化石骨头、牙齿以及象牙进行了分析研究。

The researchers genetically analyzed the fossilized bones , teeth and tusks of 98 individual Siberian mammoths .

当初，猛犸象是如何攻克这一难题的呢？它们的血红蛋白进化了&变得更容易在寒冷环境中卸载氧。

So mammoths solved that problem by evolving hemoglobin that releases oxygen more easily in the cold .

某一地区一旦有人类居住，这里的大象和猛犸象就开始从化石记录里消失。

The creatures disappear from the fossil record of a region once it became colonized by humans .

谁杀死了猛犸象

Who Killed the Mammoths

一位目击者报告称该名男子穿过“猛犸象温泉”周边的脆弱的岩石地表。

A witness reported seeing the man break through the fragile rock crust surrounding the Mammoth Hot Springs area .

猛犸象和奇蹄动物出现频率的降低与大型哺乳动物的绝灭相一致，它们和偶蹄类的差异则反映了气候的变化。

Decrease in mammoth and perissodactyl commonness is consistent with large mammal extinctions and different from artiodactyls response to climatic change .

如果以现代象的生活习性作为参照的话，第二个因素就是，雄性猛犸象可能已是独栖的动物。

The second thing , if modern elephant culture is any indication , is that male mammoths may have been solitary loners .

俄罗斯研究人员称他们发现了一具含有血液，保存完好的长毛猛犸象的尸体，这重燃了克隆这种冰河时代动物的希望。

Russian researchers say they have discovered a perfectly preserved woolly mammoth carcass with blood , fueling hopes of cloning the ice animal .