搭便车问题

这些努力的失败凸显出如下事实：正如两位作者指出的那样，气候变化问题最终是搭便车问题。

The failure of those efforts underlines the fact that climate change is , as the authors point out , the ultimate free rider problem .

从经济的角度来看，国际努力到现在为止已经失败在基本的搭便车问题上。

From an economic standpoint , international efforts until now have foundered on a fundamental free rider problem .

接着应用博弈论的方法对P2P网络中的搭便车问题进行了分析，并将P2P网络中的节点行为建模成一个无限次重复的博弈。

Then the game theory is introduced to analyze the free riding problem , and nodes ' behaviors in P2P networks are modeled as an infinite repeated game .

埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆（ElinorOstrom）赢得诺贝尔经济学奖部分是因为发现社区常常可以解决搭便车问题。

Elinor Ostrom won her Nobel in economics partly for observing that communities often solve free-rider problems .

转发和响应其他用户的查询将会耗费他们自己的资源，因此他们只下载文件从不向P2P网络贡献任何资源，这就是所谓的搭便车问题。

Forward and respond to queries of other users will spend their own resources , so they just download the file never contribute any resources to the P2P network , this is the so-called " free-riding " problem .

本章阐述了大股东对股东集团搭便车问题的克服作用及其在公司治理中的监督和控制功能。

The author analyses the governance function of large shareholder .

非均衡性旅游地空间竞争中搭便车问题研究

Game Theory Application on Free Riding in Non-Equilibrium Spatial Competition of Tourism Destinations

最惠国待遇原则及其搭便车问题

The Free Rider Problem of the Most-Favored-Nation Clause

欧元区财政与货币政策非对称性搭配的经济效应分析搭便车问题的蒙代尔弗莱明模型分析

The Analysis of Economical Effects of Asymmetry Fiscal and Monetary Policy Arrangement in Euro Area

因此，让我们回到搭便车问题。

And so we return to car-pooling .

一种完善的考试制度也应该能更好地实现帕累托最优，避免机会主义行为和搭便车问题的出现。

The sports test system should be able to realize " Pareto Optimality " and avoid opportunism behavior .

本文的研究对象是无结构对等网络系统中广泛存在的搭便车问题。

The research object of the paper is the free-riding problem which widely exists in the unstructured P2P networks .

他的评论指向压力测试的设计和实施中一个主要难点：搭便车问题。

His comments point to a broader complication in designing and implementing stress tests : the problem of free riders .

其次，在对等网络中，针对普遍存在的搭便车问题，提出了一种基于信誉的激励模型。

Secondly , in P2P network , a reputation based incentive model is proposed , which is based on free-riding problem .

其次，由于搭便车问题，中小股东们也没有对公司实行主动监控。

Secondly , resulting from the problem of free ride , the minority shareholders would not like to monitor actively , either .

并且阐述了农产品供应链管理、农业专业合作社和合作社搭便车问题解决措施的相关文献。

Secondly , gives a representation of references in Supply Chain Management of agricultural products , Agricultural Cooperatives and the solutions to the Free-riding phenomenon .

与财政政策相比，鼓励央行加入这种联合行动的激励结构产生搭便车问题的可能性更小。

The incentive structure for central banks to join such concerted action is less likely to create free rider problems than is the case for fiscal policy .

搭便车问题的存在使得团队陷入囚徒困境，效率低下，不能发挥团队生产的协同作用。

Due to the free-rider problem , the team fall into prisoners ' dilemma , and the efficiency of team is too low to attain high synergy effect .

而在集团正常运行阶段，建立了基于分配系数的团体惩罚分配模型，解决了产出分享合同所产生的搭便车问题。

And at the stage of group 's normal operation , a team punishment allocation model based on allocation coefficient is set up , which can solve the " free-riding " problem caused by share contract .

强化集体观念的意识形态和与之配套的硬性约束措施调动了相关参与者的积极性，体现了激励相容约束，因而较好地解决了集体经济中容易产生的搭便车问题。

The ideology enhancing the collective spirit and rigid supporting measures stimulate the enthusiasm of those people concerned , embody the incentive compatibility constraint and solve the frequent " free ride " caused in collective economy comparatively effectively accordingly .

针对团队激励内在的搭便车问题，以动态博弈论为分析工具，通过引入团队生产中存在横向监督这一合理假设条件，研究设计了一种基于隐性边合约的团队合作动态激励机制。

Aiming at the free-riding problem in team incentive , this paper designs a dynamic incentive mechanism based on implicit side contract with dynamic game theory by introducing the reasonable assumption that there is horizontal monitor in team production .

大股东的出现可以解决股东分散带来的搭便车问题，减少股东与管理者之间的代理成本，但同时，大股东的出现又带来了另一个代理问题：大股东与小股东之间的代理问题。

The emergence of large shareholder reduces the cost agency between the shareholder and manager because of solving the free-riding caused by dispersed ownership structure . But it gives birth to another agency problem between large and minority shareholders .

但应着重解决观念、体制、机制、风险、偷懒和搭便车问题，尤其是要充分发挥政府的引导作用。

Therefore , the key is to solve the problem of conception , of system and mechanism , of risks , of lazy and hitchhike . In the meantime , the role of the government should be fully brought into play .

以政府组织内制度变迁看作一种公共品为基本观点，公共品的外部性为逻辑基础，探讨在搭便车问题的干扰下，制度能不能有效而充分变迁的问题。

Governmental organizations within the system to change as a basic point of view of public goods , external to the logic of public infrastructure . Discussion interference in the free-rider problem , the system can be effectively and fully change issues .

这表示在总体上，股东数量与代理成本是正相关的，表明了监督的回报随着股东数量的增加而减少，且搭便车问题随着股东数量的增加而变严重。

This means that , in general , the number of shareholders is positively related with agency costs , and the return of supervision decreases with the increase of the number of shareholders , and the free rider problem become worse with the increase of the number of shareholders .

当前针对对等网络文件系统中的搭便车等问题，最有效的分析工具是博弈论。

As for current problems such as the free-riding of P2P file systems , the most effective analysis tool is the game theory .

当前经济快速紧缩还意味着，虽然财政解决方案有帮助，但措施还不够及时，而且明显产生了搭便车的问题。

The rapidity of the current contraction also means that fiscal solutions , though helpful , are not timely enough and create obvious free rider problems .

这些努力的失败凸显出如下事实：正如两位作者指出的那样，气候变化问题最终是“搭便车”问题。

The failure of those efforts underlines the fact that climate change is , as the authors point out , the ultimate " free rider " problem .

这么多人骑自行车的景象激励着城市居民，这似乎增加了足够的道德氛围去克服搭便车的问题。

The sight of so many others riding bikes motivated the city 's inhabitants and appears to have improved the moral atmosphere enough to surmount the free-rider problem .

西方公共品理论的不断发展早已将人们的目光从传统的概念探讨引向了围绕公共品的供给、需求以及搭便车等问题的深入分析。

The continually-developing theory of public goods in Western has already led experts ' eyes from the discussing on traditional conceptions to the analysis on these issues about supply-demand of public goods and free-rider , ect .