远在焦点小组、营销调研或客户忠诚度计划出现之前，商家就在通过面对面接触的方式了解顾客。
Long before focus groups or marketing surveys or loyalty programmes , businesses knew their customers because they saw them face to face .
优惠券和其它很多提升客户忠诚度的计划。
and coupon cards and all these loyalty schemes
客户忠诚度计划