奏折制度

白彬菊：《朱笔：清代军机处奏折制度和中央政府的决策过程》，耶鲁大学博士论文，1980年。

Bartlett , Beatrice S. " The Vermilion Brush : The Grand Council Communications System and Central Government Decision-Making in Mid-Ch'ing China ", Ph.D.Dissertation , Yale University , 1980 .

奏折从公开到秘密、从非正式文书到正式上行文书的演变过程是奏折制度规范化和法律化的过程。

The transformation of the memorial to the throne from open to secret and from unofficial to official is a process of standardization and legalization .