明清战争
明清战争-
明清（鸦片战争前）时期，西方世界掀起了一浪高过一浪的航海高潮，一些西方国家陆续来到中国沿海，从而为中国的海防提出了新课题。
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties ( before the First Opium War ), the Occident got increasingly enthusiastic about navigation . Some Western nations came to the Chinese littoral in succession , thus causing a new problem on the Chinese coast defense .