交叉补贴

现有的补偿机制是通过交叉补贴和政策性补贴实现的。

The existing mechanism of subsidization includes cross-subsidization and financial subsidization .

无论是交叉补贴机制还是普遍服务基金方式，都是本着实现公民的通信自由和争取社会福利最大化为目标的。

Both the ways of cross-subsidization and universal service fund are tryed for achieving telecommunication freedom of citizen and maximizing social welfare .

甘肃电网工农业电价交叉补贴的探讨码头交货码头交货价格

The discussion of agricultural and industrial tariffs cross-subsidies of Gansu grid free alongside quay

交叉补贴会导致价格上升，不利于市场发育；

Cross-subsidies would lead to higher price that is not beneficial to market growth .

天然气的交叉补贴将撤销，这笔资金将用来资助纺织行业。

Cross subsidy on gas may also be withdrawn to help the spinning sector .

在传统垄断时期，垄断行业运营商通过交叉补贴来维持普遍服务。

In the traditional monopoly period , the monopoly operator maintains universal service through cross-subsidies .

在行业垄断时期，许多国家通常都采用交叉补贴的方式解决普遍服务问题。

In monopolized telecom market , many governments adopt cross subsidies to cany out universal service .

这一成本是衡量目前储户（以及纳税人）提供的交叉补贴的指标。

The cost is a measure of the cross-subsidy that depositors and the taxpayers provide today .

输电固定成本的分配在电网用户间存在交叉补贴现象，造成成本分配的不公平性。

The compensations among the customers themselves are commonly caused in the transmission fixed cost allocation .

这种以大规模交叉补贴为基础的管理体制在一定的历史阶段和技术背景下确也起到过积极的作用，但由此产生的种种弊端已从根本上动摇了这一政策且日益面临危机。

The cross-subsidy based regulatory system played a positive role in certain historical period or technical background ;

电信格局的变化使得交叉补贴方式实现电信普遍服务的机制无法适应目前的竞争环境。

With structural changes in the telecommunications sector , cross subsidies are not suit to competitive environment .

第一类电信事业之资费订定，不得有妨碍公平竞争之交叉补贴；

The determination of tariffs of type I telecommunications enterprise shall not involve cross subsidy to hinder fair competition .

在中国对交叉补贴问题一直存在很大的争论，而争论的主要焦点是交叉补贴到底是否有效。

The cross subsidy policy is the main telecommunications policy for universal service in China , which is in dispute .

交叉补贴的做法（富国支付更高价格，从而承担面向穷国的折扣成本），缺乏透明度。

Cross-subsidy , where rich countries pay more to cover the cost of discounts for poorer nations , is untransparent .

在电信实行垄断经营时期，电信企业通过内部交叉补贴实现普遍服务的目标。

In the monopoly management time , the telecommunication enterprise achieved the goal of universal telecommunication service through internal overlapping subsidy .

象牙海岸的城市给水改革：如何交叉补贴帮助穷人〉，2002年位于内罗毕的水与卫生设施专案。

Collignon , B.Urban Water Supply Innovations Coted'lvoire : How Cross-Subsidies Help the Poor . Nairobi : Water & Sanitation Program.2002 .

但混业的主要理由是财务上的：由纳税人担保的无息存款基础使交叉补贴成为可能。

But the main logic was financial : the cross subsidy made possible by a passive deposit base guaranteed by the taxpayer .

考虑到地区之间竞争的差异，目前多数国家都取消了地区交叉补贴的做法，但还有一部分国家仍然坚持统一费率。

Considering competition difference between regions , most countries have cancelled regional cross subsidy . But some countries still adhere to unified tariff .

结合我国电力普遍服务的实际，分析了财务和管理资源交叉补贴的弊端以及建立普遍服务基金的所面临的问题。

Based on the practice of the electric universal service , we revealed the abuse of cross-subsidy in both finance and management resource .

中国在电信垄断经营时期，普遍服务主要靠垄断企业内部的交叉补贴来完成。在新的市场条件下，必须建立新的电信普遍服务体制。

When China telecom industry was in monopoly operation period , universal service was mainly accomplished through the intercross allowance in the monopoly enterprises .

传统垄断时期的内部交叉补贴机制在引入竞争后受到挑战，竞争环境下的普遍服务融资需要新机制。

The traditional internal cross-subsidy mechanism in monopoly period is challenged after the introduction of competition . The universal service under competitive environment requires new mechanism .

电价形成机制改革是解决当前电价问题的根本手段；机制改革的目标一是提高目前电价价位，二是消除交叉补贴现象。

The reform of pricing mechanism is the essential means to solve the problems ; and its direction is to improve present price and eliminate cross allowance .

随着需求特征、技术水平的变迁，交叉补贴中的财务交叉和政策性暗补是非效率的补偿方式，管理资源的交叉补贴和必要的财政支持是不可避免的。

As the demand and technology change , the cross-subsidization and policy-related subsidization become inefficient , whereas , it is inescapable for cross-management subsidization and financial subsidization .

和大学一样，报纸仰赖财政交叉补贴才得以经营，用当地广告和分类广告的丰厚收入来弥补亏损的新闻部门。

Like universities , newspapers relied on financial cross-subsidization to stay afloat , using fat profits from local advertising and classifieds to prop up money-losing news bureaus .

但近年来，伴随电信改革的进一步深入，竞争的加剧使得交叉补贴难以为继，很多高成本地区的普遍服务或是无法继续开展下去，或是进程举步维艰。

But in recent years , with the further telecommunication reform , competitive intensification of the universal service in many high-cost areas made cross-subsidies continue or develop difficultly .

在现阶段电价体系中，是采用反映供电成本还是交叉补贴的销售电价定价模式需要从经济效益和社会福利方面进行深入研究。

The formula indicates that there is a natural cross subsidization in the services pricing of telecommunication industry , and unpuzzles some dilemmas of telecommunication industry development nowadays .

日益壮大的网络工业复合体使这种状况进一步常态化，它们搞出交叉补贴模式——向较富裕客户群体收取较高费用，以补贴非付费客户——还美其名曰生态系统。

The growing cyber-industrial complex has normalised this further , with cross-subsidisation models that gouge wealthier customer segments for the benefit of non-paying ones referred to euphemistically as ecosystems .

最后，指出政府需要对中枢轮辐网络运营中的接入定价歧视和交叉补贴等问题进行合理规制。

Finally , it gives suggestion that government should take care of the discrimination of access fare and cross subsidization and makes rational regulations in the operation of hub-and-spoke network of airline . 4 .

二是在定价方面，成本状态不构成电价的决定因素，电力部门通过交叉补贴的方法，只向消费者提供单一价格的供电服务。

Two , on the aspect of price making , the cost is not the deciding factor . The power administration only provides the single price service to the customers with the method of allowance .

均给出了成本分摊的计算公式，该方法避免了用户间的交叉补贴现象，算法清晰，体现了输电定价原则，能引导输电服务更合理地收费，保证电网公司成本回收并能获得一定的利润。

Cost allocation formulas are given , which avoids the cross-allowance , reflects the transmission pricing rules , leads to more rational charging in transmission service and ensures the cost return and certain profit of power grid company .