近些年来出现的量子霍尔效应，量子自旋霍尔效应，拓扑绝缘体，光晶格，光学波导等等都和表面性质密切关联。
Emerged in recent years the quantum Hall effect , quantum spin Hall effect , topological insulators , optical waveguide , etc. all related to the study on the surface .
量子自旋霍尔效应