成本剩余

企业成本剩余的实现机制包括要素成本、空间联系成本、市场交易成本的降低；

The implement mechanism of firms centralization is the cost reducing , including the cost of factors , spatial contact and market transaction .

基于参与资源替代成本的剩余安排研究

Research on Residual Distribution Based on Substitute Cost of Participant Resources

即考虑了维修方案的维修效果，又考虑了维修成本及剩余寿命。

It considers the maintenance effect , the cost and the remaining life of the building .

经济利润为会计利润扣减资本成本的剩余收益，是评价资本增值和股东价值的重要指标。

Economic profit , as a surplus profit , is the important index to evaluate capital value increase and stockholder 's profit .

对于尚未开始或正在进行中的任务，存在剩余工时、剩余成本和剩余工期。

For tasks not yet started or tasks in progress , there exists remaining work , remaining cost , and remaining duration .

这一过程是环境友好和可持续过程，其具有很多独特的优点，如不需要投加外部碳源，低能耗，低操作成本和剩余污泥产量。

This process can be considered as an environmental friendly and sustainable process with several advantages , such as no need for addition of external carbon sources , low power consumption , low operational costs and biomass yields .

认为按参与资源的替代成本决定剩余分配的比例，不但体现了剩余分配的平等性，也有利于人力资源价值的提升和促进企业制度变迁的优化。

It was believed that the residual distribution based on the substitute cost not only incarnates equality in residual distribution , but also benefits to the raise of human resource worth and advances the vicissitude and optimization of enterprise institution .

对不同絮凝剂的絮凝效果比较发现，复配絮凝剂的效果较好，余水处理的成本低，剩余ρ（SS）小。

Comparing to the effect of different flocculants , the results show that composite flocculants are preferable , the expense of residual water treatment is low , and residual SS is small .

EVA就是税后营业利润减资金成本后的剩余回报，即税后的营业利润减去债务和权益资本的使用成本后的差额。

The Economic Value Added ( EVA ) is a measure of surplus value created on an investment , namely the difference in amount after the NOPAT ( net operating profit after taxes ) subtract cost of capital .

两者都要考虑资本成本，使用剩余收益概念，因而可以统一在经济价值创造（EVC）这一框架中。

Both of them need to take into account the cost of capital and use the concept of residual income , so they can integrate with the framework of Economic Value Created ( EVC ) .

解释卖者的成本，生产者剩余和供给曲线关系。

Explain how sellers'costs , producer surplus , and the supply curve are related .

现行的土地估价中，地价评估方法有很多种，公认的并且运用比较频繁的有：市场比较法、成本法、剩余法、收益还原法等。

In actual land valuation , there are many methods , mainly includes the market comparison approach , income approach , cost approach , residual method .

其他成本主要来自抛掉剩余硬件。

Most of the remaining cost comes from throwing away the rest of the hardware .

该项研究有可能为生产可完全降解塑料降低成本，同时为剩余污泥减量化、资源化提供了一条崭新的途径，具有重要的科学意义和研究价值。

This study provides a new way for sludge reduction and recycling , which has great significance and broad prospects for development .

为打工者与家庭互动提供更多的平台，降低其互动成本，促进农村剩余劳动力更有序地转移。

Therefore , efficient and cost-effective platforms for interaction between migrant workers and their families could make rural surplus labor transfer run more smoothly .

多视点校正算法作为一个非线性最小二乘优化问题，它的二次成本函数表示了剩余登记误差降低到最小程度。

The Multi-View correction algorithm is formulated as a nonlinear least-squares optimization problem where a quadratic cost function expressing the residual registration error has to be minimized .

并且对历史成本计量下的剩余收益的重视程度要高要于公允价值计量下的剩余收益。

And it shows that the investors pay attention to the residual income which measured under the historical cost is higher than the residual income which measured under fair value .

计算当前各生产环节成本和企业总成本的承受剩余度。

It calculates the cost of each links of manufacture and counts the degree the enterprise can bear .

代理成本包括委托人的监督成本、代理人的保证成本、剩余损失三个部分。

One of key conceptions is agent cost which includes three parts : supervision cost , ensure cost and residual loess .

研究表明：无论延期成本为线性形式还是指数形式，只要高估价顾客的延期成本函数为拍卖剩余时间的连续的严格增函数，那么高估价顾客到达网站时都会根据阈值战略进行决策。

It shows that customers with higher valuation will choose threshold strategies to make decision once arriving at websites when the delay cost function of them continuous strict increases with the auction remaining time , no matter the delay cost function is in linear or exponential form .