胚层分化

胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）具有自我更新、无限增殖、保持未分化状态和向所有三个胚层分化的潜能。

Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells ) are unique cell populations with the ability of self-renewal , unlimited proliferation , multipotent differentiation and maintaining their undifferentiated state .

间充质干细胞（MesenchymalStemcells，MSCs）是一类具有跨胚层分化潜能和高度自我复制能力的组织干细胞，具有取材方便、易分离纯化、免疫原性低、能够向肿瘤迁移等特性。

Mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) are a kind of tissue stem cells with the ability to cross-embryonic layer differentiation potential and high self-replication ability , easily isolated , have low immunogenicity and migration ability to tumor .

畸胎瘤实验验证小鼠孤雌单倍体能形成三胚层分化的畸胎瘤，二倍体嵌合实验证明单倍体孤雌胚胎干细胞像二倍体ES一样具有嵌合到身体各个脏器的能力，尽管都是以二倍化形式存在。

Although all exists in diploidization , parthenogenetic haploid can also form teratoma with three layer differentiation and can chimeric to the internal organs of the mouse as the diploid ES do .

本文详细研究了甜菜夜蛾Spodopteraexigua（H櫣bner）胚胎发育的卵裂、胚盘、胚带的形成和胚层分化。

This paper studies the embryonic development of Spodoptera exigua ( H ü bner ) including the cleavage , the formation of blastoderm and germ band , and the differentiation of germinal layers .

BMSCs是存在于骨髓中的一类成体干细胞，具有易获得、易培养、可以跨胚层分化、能在宿主体内长期存活、易于携带外源基因和长期表达等优点。

BMSCs are the adult stem cells and exhibit many intriguing characteristics : easily obtaining and culturing , long-term survival in vivo , easily carrying exogenous gene , having the capability of differentiating into multiple cell types .

结果：（1）体外培养的小鼠ESC-D3细胞在胚胎成纤维饲养层细胞上连续传代培养，仍保持向3胚层分化的能力。

RESULTS : ( 1 ) The ESC-D3 cells kept the ability of differentiation into cellular derivations of all three primary germ layers after continuous passage culture .

经鉴定，所有胚胎干细胞株都表达碱性磷酸酶活性，Oct-4和SSEA-1阳性，能够形成具有三个胚层分化能力的畸胎瘤，其中一个细胞株具有生殖系嵌合能力。

All the cell lines showed alkaline phosphatase ( AKP ) activity , Oct-4 and SSEA-1 positive . They are able to form the teratomas , which can differentiate into the tissues from three germinal layers and one cell line has ability of differentiate into sperm .

脂肪基质干细胞跨胚层分化为神经干细胞的实验研究

Differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into nerve stem cells across embryonic layer

越来越多的学者倾向认同，骨髓间充质干细胞能够跨胚层分化为表皮细胞参与创面修复。

MSCs can be induced to be epidermal cell and take part in the wound repairing .

国内外大量研究表明，骨髓来源的干细胞具有跨胚层分化的潜能，如在适宜的体内外环境下，可向内胚层的肝细胞分化。

Some studies have suggested that bone marrow-derived stem cells had the potential of differentiating into multiple lineages , such as the endoderm-derived hepatocytes .

胚胎干细胞在体外和体内具有向三个胚层分化的能力，这一点已经被广泛证明。

Embryonic stem cells both in vitro and in vivo have the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers , which has been widely proven .

应用光镜观察了山羊胚胎心脏的发生和发育过程，结果表明：15日龄20时的胚胎处于胚层分化阶段，中胚层上已有微血管发生；

This paper observes the genesis and development of embryo heart in goat by light microscope . The results indicate : The embryo at the age of 15 days and 20 hours is undergoing differentiation phase of embryonic layer .

我们接下来要探索，在内胚层的分化路径中，小鼠基因的密码子偏好，基因组GC含量，基因分布和基因年龄是否仍同与发育阶段相关的基因表达模式有关。

We in turn to explore whether the codon usage , genomic GC content , gene distribution , and gene age are also correlated with the developmental stage - related patterns of gene expression in differentiation processes of endoderm .

免疫荧光染色及RT-PCR检测，发现其表达多能性细胞及生殖细胞的标记，而且具有增殖能力，能够向三个胚层的细胞分化。

Immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR determination found that the cells express pluripotency , proliferation and germ cells ' markers .

南方鲶的颌齿均由外胚层及中胚层分化而成。

The jaw teeth and pharyngeal teeth are derived from the ectoderm and mesoderm .

调节发育和分化的基因参与胚胎的发育和内细胞团、滋养外胚层细胞的分化，调节胚胎由未分化状态向分化状态过渡。

Genes regulating development and differentiation participate in the embryo development and differentiation of inner cell mass and trophectoderm , which controls the transition from undifferentiation to differentiation stage .

背景：胚胎干细胞（embryonicstemcells，ES细胞）是一类可进行自我复制和更新的细胞，在一定条件下能够向骨、软骨、脂肪、神经、肌肉等多个胚层的组织细胞分化。

Background : Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells ) are capable of self-replication and renewal . Under the certain condition , they will differentiate into multiple lineages cells , including osteoblast , chondrocyte , adipocyte , neurocyte , muscle cells and so on .

这些结果表明，融合连续的9个精氨酸作为PTD的重组多能性蛋白可以用于体外培养cESCs并维持其三个胚层方向的多分化潜能至少6代以上。

Thus , with nine consecutive arginines as a kind of PTD , pluripotency proteins could be used to culture cESCs and maintain their pluripotency at least six generations .

另外.我们可以看到，这些脏腑器官，大多由中胚层和内胚层所构成，而受外胚层的自主神经系统所调控，并不都是单独一个胚层所分化，而常是混成的。

In addition , we can see that these organs and organ , most of mesoderm and endoderm posed , and the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the ectoderm , mesoderm are not all alone as a differentiation , and often is the blend .