由以

这些罪案大都是由以犯罪为生的职业罪犯制造的。

These crimes were committed largely by professional criminals who lived by crime .

介绍了由以WTO为主的四个行业驱动因素构成的错综复杂的新形势；

It presents the new anfractuous situation whose components are four industrial driving factors with WTO as priority .

上述各运动均由以PLC为核心的控制系统控制变频调速微型高速电机和步进电机以及普通交流电机来进行。

Above-mentioned motions are controlled by PLC which dominate frequency control mini-high-speed motor , stepping motor and normal alternating-current dynamo .

按照技术术语来说，WorkplaceForms是由以文档为中心的组件技术构成的，这种技术的设计目的是与中间件进行集成，比如门户、内容信息库和工作流系统。

In technical terms , Workplace Forms consists of document-centric component technology , designed to be integrated with middleware , such as portals , content repositories , and workflow systems .

在美国，大部分航空货运业务由以ups和联邦快递（fedex）为首的专业货运公司负责。

In the US , the bulk of air cargo is handled by the specialist freight industry , led by ups and FedEx .

由以单个板坯交换和板坯组交换为核心的禁忌搜索（TS）进一步优化，得到最后的优化结果。

The third stage is to generate the final results by adopting tabu search ( TS ) based on swaps of single slab and slab group .

该系统由以高速DSP为核心处理器，采用电擦写非易失性存储器（FlashMemory）为记录体，使用先进的运动图像压缩技术完成视频数据的记录工作。

High speed DSP device is used as the core processor of this prototype and FLASH memory is used as the storage device . Video data will be compressed using motion picture compression technology before they are stored .

系统采用MCU与DSP构成的双CPU体系结构，主要由以惯性组合单元（IMU），MCU模数转换与信号接口单元，DSP数据处理单元三部分组成。

The whole system is composed of three parts : an IMU ( Inertial Measurement Unit ), an analog-digital conversion with signal interface unit based on MCU , and a data-processing module based on DSP .

目前，汽车排放控制采用的负载型催化剂的载体大多是由以堇青石为主要成分的蜂窝状陶瓷为第一载体和以γ-Al2O3为基质的第二载体即涂层所组成；

At the moment , the carrier of catalysts used on controlling of the automotive exhaust almost is made up of cordierite honeycomb carrier which as the first carrier and Y-Al2O3 which as the second carrier .

经济迅速发展，市场竞争日益激烈，企业的管理模式逐渐由以产品为中心转向以客户为中心，以以客户为中心为核心思想的客户关系管理（CRM）得到了迅猛发展。

With the development of economy and the fierce competition of the market , enterprise management mode is changed from regarding products to customer as the center and Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) develops rapidly .

硬件部分由以CAN-BUS，总线为基础的控制网络组成，是由包括主机、传感器、执行机构等设备通过CAN总线组成的一个大系统。

Hardware are base on CAN-BUS control network , is by including the host , sensors , performer and other equipment through the CAN-BUS consisting of a large system .

设计了一种采用脉宽调制（Pulsewidthmodulation，PWM）控制的具有动态串联补偿功能的故障限流器，主要由以PWM原理控制的电感、开关控制的电容器组、限流电感构成。

A fault current limiter controlled by pulse width modulation ( PWM ), which possesses the function of dynamic series compensation , is designed . This current limiter consists of inductance controlled by PWM , capacitor banks controlled by switcher and current-limiting inductance .

另一方面，当前工业控制体系结构正由以信息集中，控制分散为核心思想的DCS（集散控制系统）向FCS（现场总线控制系统）过渡。

On the other hand , present industrial control system structure is transferring from DCS ( distributed control system ) with the kernal idea of " central information , distributed control " to FCS ( fieldbus control system ) .

批评语言学是自七十年代末期，由以RogerFowler和GuntherKress等为代表的西方语言学家发展起来的语篇分析工具。

" Critical Linguistics ", which was developed by Roger Fowler and Gunther Kress , etc. from the late 1970s , is based mainly on Halliday 's systemic-functional grammar .

密歇根大学（UniversityofMichigan）西奥多•古德森（TheodoreGoodson）教授牵头的研究小组开发出了一种物质，由以分枝结构排列的大分子组成。将这种物质置入传感器的成本每台仅为10美元。

The team , led by Theodore Goodson of the University of Michigan , has developed a material that can be incorporated into sensors costing only about $ 10 each and which consists of large molecules arranged in a branching pattern .

本文介绍采用微电脑控制的变压变频（VVVF）电梯电机调速拖动系统，控制部分由以8031单片机为核心的系统组成，电动机由电压型变频调速器供电。

A variable-voltage variable-frequency ( VVVF ) elevator driving system controlled by a microcomputer is introduced in the paper . The controller is composed of a 8031 single chip system , while the motor is supplied by a voltage type inverter .

随着微波功率从140W升高到560W，薄膜的光频介电常数从2.26降至1.68，红外光谱（FTIR）分析表明薄膜的键结构由以CF基团为主变化到CF与CF2基团共存。

A change of film bonding configurations from CF group mainly to coexisting of CF and CF 2 groups is found by FTIR and XPS analysis as microwave input power is increased from 140W to 560W .

机体抗瘤免疫主要由以CTL应答为主的细胞免疫所介导，与抗体识别完整抗原不同，CTL所识别的是被递呈到细胞表面的与MHCⅠ类分子结合的抗原肽。

Anti-tumor immunity is mainly mediated by cellular immune responses with cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTL ) as the major effector cells . Unlike recognition of intact antigens by antibodies , CTL recognizes antigenic peptides presented on the surface of cells in the context of MHC class I molecules .

一是由以产业为主向以公益事业为主的转变。

First , shifting emphasis of development from industry to public undertaking .

科妮莉亚只是保持着她所由以培育的信仰；

Cornelia merely held the faith in which she had been bred ;

产品结构由以微车为主向以轿车为主转变；

Changing product structure from past which focus on mini auto to car ;

空间采暖由以带温室的被动式太阳能系统提供。

Space heating is provided from the passive solar source of the conservatory .

软件过程管理的发展趋势是逐渐由以过程为中心转移到以人为中心，进而转移到人与过程的和谐交互。

SPM is developing from process-centered to people-centered , and to people-process harmonious .

一个计划就是由以并列方式管理的一组相关项目组成的。

A program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way .

如今，发展观已由以经济为中心的发展观转向以人为中心的发展观。

Now , the opinion of development has changed from around economy to human .

随着因特网的蓬勃发展，网络计算正逐渐由以计算机为中心向以人为中心转变，按需计算成为发展趋势。

With the development of Internet , the trend of Computing On Demand will be inevitable .

经常性经费由以学生支付为主向以国家支付为主转变。

Transform the payment of recurrent capital mainly contributed by students to mainly contributed by the Country .

“从契约到身份”运动只能由以社会本位为本原的经济法加以规范。

The movement from contract to identity shall be regulated by economic law with society as the core .

争夺市场的主要手段逐渐由以商品输出为主变为以技术资本输出为主，由进出口贸易主导转为以跨国资本营运为主。

The main measure of scrabbling for market has gradually turned from commodity export into technology and capital output .

经济增长转型就是经济增长方式由以粗放型增长为主转变为以集约型增长为主。

The transformation of economy growth is that the ways of economic growth change from extensive mode into intensive one .