寰椎

颈椎MRI椎动脉造影可显示寰椎侧移和旋转对椎动脉的影响；

The cervical MRI vertebral arteriography could display the effect of side displacement and rotation of lateral masses of atlas on vertebral artery .

目的：提供国人寰椎CT测量的数据，评价寰椎经后弓侧块螺钉置钉的可行性。

Objective : Normal anatomic properties of atlas were measured in radiology to evaluate the feasibility of screw fixation in atlas via posterior arch and lateral mass .

寰椎椎弓根解剖和CT测量在椎弓根螺钉固定中的意义

Anatomic and CT scan measurement of the pedicle screw fixation on atlas

实施寰椎侧块螺钉固定术之前，需要对寰椎横断面CT图像等进行测量，确定置钉的安全区域。

It is necessary to confirm the safe region by using axial CT of atlas before screw fixation .

前路经枢椎体寰椎侧块螺钉组（ATS）。

Anterior transarticular screw fixation through C2 vertebral body ( ATS ) .

结果寰椎和枢椎可显露宽度分别为（40.2±3.5）mm和（39.3±3.7）mm。

Results The widths of atlas and axis which could be exposed respectively were ( 40.2 ± 3.5 ) mm and ( 39.3 ± 3.7 ) mm .

结果36例寰枢关节旋转脱位CT均可清晰显示寰枢椎间固定角度及寰椎移位、寰枢椎骨折、骨性椎管的形态及周围病变等。

Results According to 36 cases with AARD , the fixed angle of atlantoaxial , altas dislocation , fracture , shape of spinal canal and the lesions around could be clearly found on CT image .

应用CT三维重建测量技术对寰椎侧块螺钉置钉的相关参数进行测量，研究分析影响置钉的解剖结构因素。

To measure the relevant parameters of atlantal lateral mass screw fixation using CT three-dimensional reconstruction measurement technology , and to study and analyze the anatomical structure factors that can influence the screw placement . 4 .

方法35例寰枕融合患者CT扫描后，CT数据通过三维可视化软件（Amira4.0）重建寰椎下关节面和相关颅颈交界结构的几何形态。

Methods CT data of 35 cases of occipitalization of atlas were reconstructed by the three-dimensional visualization software ( Amira 4.0 ) to display the inferior articular facets of the atlas as well as related craniovertebral structures .

Levine及Edwards把寰椎骨折分为后弓骨折、侧块骨折和Jefferson骨折三种类型。

Levine and Edwards divided the fracture of Cl into three types : type I : the posterior arch fracture ;

因此，寰椎横韧带损伤后，治疗的重点是恢复C1～C2的稳定性。

Therefore , treatment of instability of the C0-C1-C2-complex which result in rupture of transverse ligament should be concerned with increasing the stability of C1 ￣ C2 joint .

枕颈固定技术治疗寰椎Jefferson骨折2例、颅骨凹陷Chair畸形2例和AndersonⅡ型合并寰椎后弓骨折1例；

Two patients with Jefferson fracture of atlas , 2 patients with Chair congenital malformation and 1 patient with Anderson Type ⅱ combined with the fracture posterior arch of atlas were treated with occipital-cervical fixation technique .

目的观察寰椎后弓和枢椎椎板的形态学特征后设计出相应的引导器，以更为安全、方便地开展颈后路寰枢椎Atlas钛缆固定术。

Objective To investigate the morphological characteristics of the posterior arch of atlas and lamina of axis , so as to provide anatomical bases to design special guiding devices for upper cervical posterior fixation with Atlas titanium cable .

表面阴影法（SSD）CT3D显示寰枢外侧关节面错位最清楚，寰椎下关节面错位程度测量值与标本测量值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。

There is no significant difference between the dislocated measurement of inferior articular surface of atlas vertebral on specimen models and on SSD 3D-images ( P > 0.05 ) .

结论：TARP固定操作简便可行，对寰枢椎前部结构包括寰椎侧块和C2椎体完整的各种上颈椎疾患引起的难复性寰枢椎脱位可获得较好的治疗效果。

Conclusion : TARP procedure is simple which is suitable for irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation resulting from upper cervical disease on the condition that lateral masses of C1 and the vertebrae body of C2 must be kept intact .

寰椎横突、头下斜肌、枕大神经和C2颈脊神经前支为该入路的标志性结构。

The transverse process of the first cervical vertebral ( the atlas ), the obliquus capitis inferior muscle , the occipital major nerve and the anterior branch of the first cervical nerve ( C1 ) were the landmark structure in this approach .

寰椎在受到无论何种方向的外力首先引起寰椎前弓骨折，如果外力足够大，持续时间足够长，将导致爆裂性骨折，如Jefferson骨折。

The axial loading from any direction will cause the anterior arch fracture first if it is big enough . Enough big force or over long time of force will result in burst fractures , such as the Jefferson fracture .

结论：寰椎椎弓根钉进钉点可用枢椎下关节突中点的矢状延长线来确定，螺钉长度28～30mm。

Conclusion : The enter point of C_1 pedicle screw could be defined by the central point of C_2 inferior articular process , and the screw length was 28 ~ 30 mm .

所有患者均伴有不同程度的横韧带损伤，23例有神经损害表现。X线检查显示寰椎弓环及侧块不同部位骨折，寰齿间距（ADI）为4～7mm。

The radiographic examination showed that there were fractures in the anterior arch or / and lateral mass of the atlas and that the atlanto-dental interval ( ADI ) in these patients was 4 to 7 mm .

多角度VRT成像显示，齿状突与寰椎侧块间距不对称4例，6例经枢椎体与寰椎侧块内固定的单枚螺钉向内侧偏斜，偏斜范围2~5mm。

Multi-angle VRT displayed asymmetrical space of odontoid process and massa lateralis atlantis in four cases and medial deviation of 2 ~ 5 mm of half screw in screw fixation through axis body and massa lateralis atlantis in six .

如果寰椎椎动脉沟底下后弓骨质高度大于2.0mm，应优先选择寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定。

If the height of atlas posterior arch below the vertebral artery sulcus is greater than 2.0 mm , atlas pedicle screw should be given priority .

螺钉直径3.5mm，寰椎侧块螺钉长28～32mm，枢椎椎弓根螺钉长22～26mm。

The diameter of the screw was 3.5 mm , the length of lateral mass of atlas 28-32 mm and the length of vertebra dentate pedicle screw 22-26 mm .

结果肩胛提肌和头下斜肌、头外侧直肌、C2神经前支、寰椎横突、寰椎后结节和椎动脉周围静脉丛是识别椎动脉的解剖标志；

Results The anatomic landmarks to identify the vertebral artery include the levator scapulae , the inferior oblique muscles , the rectus capitis lateralis muscle , the C_2 ventral ramus , the transverse process of atlas , the posterior tubercle of atlas and the venous plexus around the vertebral artery .

与其它节段颈椎相比较，寰椎的形态较为特殊，其后弓与侧块的连接部称为椎弓根，后弓侧块螺钉经寰椎椎弓根进行固定，Resnick等称之为寰椎的椎弓根螺钉。

Compare with others cervical , atlas has special shape . We called the part between the posterior arch and the lateral mass as pedicle , and Resnick named the screw which through pedicle into lateral mass as atlas pedicle screw .

结果寰椎侧块长度为17.3mm，两侧块螺钉进钉点间距为24.1mm，齿状突高度、宽度和前后径分别为14.5,9.1,10.6mm，枢椎体高度为22.7mm。

Results The average length of massa lateralis atlantis was 17.3 mm , space between the two entry points of screws 24.1 mm , height of odontoid 14.5 mm , width of odontoid 9.1 mm , anteroposterior diameter of odontoid 10.6 mm and height of axis 22.7 mm .

19例寰椎与枕骨愈合的报告

A report of nineteen cases of the atlanto - occipital fusion

寰椎椎弓根钉在寰椎隐裂伴寰枢关节不稳治疗中的应用

Application of pedicle screw in treatment of cracked-atlas with atlantoaxial instability

寰椎椎弓根骨性标志的应用解剖学研究及临床应用

Anatomical Study of Bone Landmark of Atlas Pedicle and Clinical Application

寰椎椎弓和枢椎椎板的应用解剖

Applied anatomy of posterior arch of atlas and lamina of axis

寰椎椎动脉沟环的动物实验研究及临床意义

Experimental Study on Foramen Arch of Vertebral Artery of Atlas