内稃

在接种后24h，当菌丝在外稃、内稃的内侧表面扩展而尚未侵入寄主细胞前，病菌已分泌DON，并且DON已扩散到寄主组织内。

Hyphae of the pathogen produced toxin when they grew on inner surfaces of lemma and palea as early as 24 h after inoculation , and the toxin was detected inside of host tissues at this time .

另外，异位表达REP1导致形成不对称的过度分化的内稃细胞，改变了花的对称性。

Furthermore , ectopic expression of REP1 caused the asymmetrical overdifferentiation of the palea cells , altering their floral asymmetry .

REP1调节内稃的属性和发育。REP1在花发育早期只在内稃原基表达，而在花发育后期迅速扩散到雄蕊和内外稃的维管束中表达。

The REP1 gene is only expressed in palea primordium during early flower development , but during later floral stages is radially dispersed in stamens and the vascular bundles of the lemma and palea .

接种后36h，寄主体表菌丝产生入侵菌丝，以直接入侵方式由颖片、外稃、内稃的内侧及子房的顶部侵入寄主组织体内，随后，菌丝以胞间和胞内生长的方式向下扩展；

Penetration of host tissues occurred on inner surfaces of glume , lemma , palea and on the upper part of ovary by infection hyphae 36 h after inoculation . The hyphae in these infected tissues then spread downward to rachis by inter - and intracellular growth .

水稻无内稃突变体的遗传分析和基因定位

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Tagging of a Gene for Non-palea in Rice

禾本植物的外稃、内稃及它们包被的花。

In grasses , the lemma , palea , and the flower they enclose .

内稃原基分化期、浆片原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、心皮原基分化期。

Palea primordium phase , lodicule primordium phase , stamen primordium phase and carpel primordium phase .

外稃和内稃的差异主要表现在维管束和内层薄壁细胞两方面。

The main difference between the lemma and the palea was the number of vascular bundles .

其小花发育的过程是：内稃原基→雄蕊原基→雌蕊原基。

The developmental sequence of floret is : primordium of palea → primordia of stamens → primordium of pistil .

小麦外稃和内稃愈伤组织直接再生小穗和雌蕊状结构的研究

Study on the direct regeneration of spikelets and pistil-like structures from callus derived from GLUMELLE and lemma explants of Wheat

75.6%小穗长有内、外稃各一片，24.4%小穗内产生多余的内稃或外稃。

75.6 % of the investigated spikelets had one palea and on lemma and others contained extra palea or lemma .

水稻的小花从外到内依次由一个外稃，一个内稃，两个浆片，六枚雄蕊和一枚雌蕊构成。

The floral organ of rice is consisted by one lemma , one palea , two lodicules , six stamens and one pistil from outside in .

通过筛选突变体，我们发现了内稃发育缺陷突变体并通过对单双突变体的表型观察和表达模式分析，确定这些基因在水稻花器官形成建成及花型对称性发育过程中的作用以及相互关系。

Through genetic screen , we identified the mutants with palea defects . To determine the function and networks of these genes , we studied the phenotypes and expression pattern between the mutants and wild type .

内稃包在外稃内，由长方形细胞组成。（3）巨龙竹成熟花粉为呈近球形，具有单个萌发孔，在显微镜下萌发孔呈凸面镜形状。

Palea which is composed of quadrate cell is on the inside of Lemma . ( 3 ) The mature pollen of Dendrocalamus sinicus is nearly spherical with a single germinal aperture , which is globose under microscope .