人为垄断

制度性进入壁垒导致产业人为垄断的形成，而过度进入与制度性退出壁垒则造成了我国许多产业的过度竞争格局，从而导致厂商（大多数是国有企业）的高产量和低价格及亏损。

The institutional barriers to entry will lead to artificial monopoly while the over-entry and the institutional barriers to exit will lead to over competition in most industries in China .

多数这类纠纷的焦点都是：对于一个由技术所开辟的新市场，它应该存在于知识产权所赋予的人为垄断范围以内，还是在其之外？

Most of these disputes are about whether a new market , enabled by technology , should lie inside or outside the scope of the artificial monopoly conferred by the intellectual property right .

人为垄断下的超额利润、趋同化竞争与业间合作&兼论中国投资银行业务的现状、趋势及对策

Extra Profit , Assimilating Competition and Cooperation Between Industries under the Artificial Monopoly

我国电信行业的垄断是由于存在制度性进入壁垒而形成的人为垄断。

The monopoly of China telecommunication is factitious monopoly caused by system bulwark .

在分析我国垄断特点的基础上，提出了我国反人为垄断和自然垄断，建立有效竞争市场的基本思路。

Based on the monopoly feature of our country , the writer proposes fundamental thinking to oppose man-made monopoly and natural monopoly .

但是政府垄断公共物品的供给，存在很多弊端。我国自然垄断具有自然和人为双重垄断因素，更多地具有政府垄断的特点。

But there are many drawbacks if the government monopolizes their supply . In China , natural monopoly coexists with administrative monopoly arising from governmental monopoly .

19世纪，爱德华王子岛的农民创立自己的银行帮助穷人储蓄和获得低息贷款，新斯科舍省的阿卡迪亚人为对抗渔业垄断而建立起合作社。

In the 19th century , farmers on Prince Edward Island started their own bank which helped the poor to save and to obtain low interest loans , and the Nova Scotia Acadian established the cooperative against fishing monopoly .

建立在私人产权、商业运作和高集中度基础上的美国视听工业，通过严格的版权保护，人为形成了卖方垄断的局面。

American audiovisual industry established on the basis of private property rights , the commercial operation and highly concentrative market .