核外遗传

线粒体DNA是核外遗传物质，由于其分子结构简单、进化速率快等特点常被用来进行遗传多样性分析和系统发育研究。

( mtDNA ) is extra-nuclear genetic material , it is usually used in genetic diversity analysis and phylogeny study because of its brief molecule structure and rapid evolutionary rate .

线粒体基因组作为核外遗传物质有许多区别于核基因的特点，所以自发现以来便作为重要的分子标记迅速用于各项生物学研究，特别是系统分类学研究。

As cytoplasmic genetic system , mitochondrial genome ( mitogenome ) has many differences from nuclear genes and has been applied to many kinds of biology researches as an ideal genetic marker since it was discovered .

这种突变除了可能由DNA损伤途径触发外，也有可能通过非核起源的外遗传（epigenetic）途径，激活细胞信号转导通路，引起一系列基因表达的改变而最终导致突变的形成。

This kind of mutation may be not only induced by DNA damage but also through the epigenetic pathway other than the nuclear origin including the activation of various signal transduction pathways and altered expressions of many genes .

该研究的目的是为了在一个正常的女性卵子内避免不良的核外线粒体基因遗传到下一代。

The process aims to avoid passing onto children bad mitochondria genes , which are contained outside the nucleus in a normal female egg .

本研究试图通过RAPD标记和线粒体DNA测序，对存在于核内及核外的遗传物质变异情况进行研究，同时对鹿类动物的系统发育进行分析。

In this study , RAPD marker and mitochondria DNA sequencing techniques were used to study the intra-nuclear and extra-nuclear genetic material variation , and to analyze the phylogeny of the deers .