胚层

证明五藏作为三气的运用和表现，它的物质形态基础是三胚层概念。

So , Five Zang as the representation and exertion of Three " Qi ", the base of the corporeal form is Three germinal layer .

本文根据各组织器官胚层发育的来源，综述组织工程学在医学中的应用进展。

According to the origin of germinal layer during embryo development , the applying progress of tissue engineering in medicine is discussed .

结果：确证该患者是X染色体隐性遗传的外胚层发育不全无汗综合征；

RESULTS : The patient was diagnosed as X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia .

方法收集2个X性连锁少汗性外胚层发育不良家系外周血标本；

Methods Blood samples were obtained from 2 pedigrees .

免疫缺陷病患者分枝杆菌感染特征和核因子-κB的原发性调节突变、伴和不伴外胚层发育不良

Characteristics of mycobacterial infection in patients with immunodeficiency and nuclear factor - κ B essential modulator mutation , with or without ectodermal dysplasia

无汗性外胚层发育不全患者EDA基因突变检测

Gene mutation detection for a patient with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

畸胎癌中除含有分化的三胚层来源的组织外，还含有未分化的胚胎癌细胞（Embryoniccarcinomacells，EC）。

Except for the differentiated cells derived from three germ layers , teratocarcinoma also have undifferentiated embryonic carcinoma cells ( EC ) .

在一定诱导条件下，EC细胞可分化为三胚层来源的各种细胞。

EC cells can differentiate to cells from three germ layers under certain inducing conditions .

GFP在原肠作用期就开始表达，主要发生在中轴下胚层中；

GFP expression started during gastrulation in the axial hypoblast layer .

目的：检测无汗性外胚层发育不全患者的EDA基因的突变。

Objetive : To detect the gene mutation of a patient with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia .

免疫荧光染色及RT-PCR检测，发现其表达多能性细胞及生殖细胞的标记，而且具有增殖能力，能够向三个胚层的细胞分化。

Immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR determination found that the cells express pluripotency , proliferation and germ cells ' markers .

剥离牛胚胎滋胚层细胞，ICM细胞更易分化。

When the trophoblast were removed , ICM cell would be differentiate rapidly .

将GFP（+）ES细胞接种裸鼠后，均可有效形成含有3个胚层细胞的畸胎瘤。

Teratocarcinoma concluded 3 germinal layers could form after inoculating ESG ( + ) cells to nude mice .

方法：提取外胚层发育不全无汗综合征患者的基因组DNA，采用PCR方法扩增EDA基因的第5、9外显子，直接将PCR产物送测序。

METHODS : Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of the patient and the exon 5 and 9 fragments were obtained by PCR . These fragments were sequenced directly .

这种细胞表达ES细胞和成体干细胞标志基因，体外诱导可分化为包括三个胚层的细胞，且通过了功能测试。

HAFS cells that express embryonic and adult stem cell markers can differentiate into cell types of three embryonic germ layer and display specialized functions .

目的：探讨外胚层发育不全症（anhydriteectodermicdysplasia，EDA）的免疫学特征。

Objective : To evaluate immune status of patients with anhydrite ectodermic dysplasia , EDA .

胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）具有自我更新、无限增殖、保持未分化状态和向所有三个胚层分化的潜能。

Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells ) are unique cell populations with the ability of self-renewal , unlimited proliferation , multipotent differentiation and maintaining their undifferentiated state .

结论大鼠生殖嵴来源的PGCs是一种具有发育全能的、可分化形成3个胚层衍生物的胚胎多能干细胞。

Conclusion Rat PGCs have pluripotentiality to differentiate into the derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers .

然而，NSCs和EPCs来源于体内不同胚层，体内和体外对周围生长的环境要求不同。

However , NSCs and EPCs are originated from different germ layers and they require different growing environment in vivo and in vitro .

目的了解中国人有汗性外胚层发育不良（HED）的临床表现和遗传特点。

Objective To study clinical and genetic features of hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ( HED ) in Chinese .

研究发现，HH信号通路不仅调控胚胎时期各胚层组织发育，而且与肿瘤生成密切相关。

Researchers found that HH signaling not only controls the embryonic development , but also plays an important role in tumorigenesis .

发现鸡胚在第8、10、12天胚龄时CAMEC都位于外胚层绒毛膜上皮之下，随胚龄增大，EC逐渐由中胚层移向外胚层。

We discovered that CAM EC on day 8,10 , and 12 after incubation localized beneath the chorionic ectoderm , but with the age growing , EC gradually migrated toward ectoderm from mesenchyme .

间充质干细胞（MesenchymalStemcells，MSCs）是一类具有跨胚层分化潜能和高度自我复制能力的组织干细胞，具有取材方便、易分离纯化、免疫原性低、能够向肿瘤迁移等特性。

Mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) are a kind of tissue stem cells with the ability to cross-embryonic layer differentiation potential and high self-replication ability , easily isolated , have low immunogenicity and migration ability to tumor .

外胚层发育不良症临床症状表现为AEC、Rapp-Hodgkin和CHAND综合征

Ectodermal dysplasia showing clinical overlap between AEC , Rapp-Hodgkin and CHAND syndromes

畸胎瘤实验验证小鼠孤雌单倍体能形成三胚层分化的畸胎瘤，二倍体嵌合实验证明单倍体孤雌胚胎干细胞像二倍体ES一样具有嵌合到身体各个脏器的能力，尽管都是以二倍化形式存在。

Although all exists in diploidization , parthenogenetic haploid can also form teratoma with three layer differentiation and can chimeric to the internal organs of the mouse as the diploid ES do .

目的探讨X性连锁少汗性外胚层发育不良（XLHED）家系中ED1基因突变。

Objective To detect ED1 gene mutations in the families with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ( XLHED ) .

目的骨髓间充质干细胞（MesenchymalStemcells，MSCs）能同时表达内胚层、中胚层和外胚层等所有三个胚层的基因，具有向其它细胞和组织多向分化的潜能。

Objectives : Being able to simultaneously express all genes of germline , endoderm , mesoderm and ectoderm , bone marrow mesenchymal stem Cells ( MSCs ) are considered to have the potential to differentiate to other tissues and cell lines .

我们接下来要探索，在内胚层的分化路径中，小鼠基因的密码子偏好，基因组GC含量，基因分布和基因年龄是否仍同与发育阶段相关的基因表达模式有关。

We in turn to explore whether the codon usage , genomic GC content , gene distribution , and gene age are also correlated with the developmental stage - related patterns of gene expression in differentiation processes of endoderm .

背景：胚胎干细胞（embryonicstemcells，ES细胞）是一类可进行自我复制和更新的细胞，在一定条件下能够向骨、软骨、脂肪、神经、肌肉等多个胚层的组织细胞分化。

Background : Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells ) are capable of self-replication and renewal . Under the certain condition , they will differentiate into multiple lineages cells , including osteoblast , chondrocyte , adipocyte , neurocyte , muscle cells and so on .

目前已证实ADSCs在一定条件下能够向中胚层细胞系包括脂肪、软骨、骨、肌肉和其他胚层细胞系包括神经、内皮等转化。

ADSCs has been confirmed to be able to differentiate mesodermal cells including fat , cartilage , bone , muscle and other mesodermal cells under certain conditions .