焦耳加热

对于在能量方程中计及和忽略焦耳加热两种情况，分别作了计算。

Two cases are considered respectively : one includes and the other does not include Joule heating in the energy equation .

强对流电场引起大气焦耳加热与离子增温而使O+离子消失的化学反应速率增大所导致的电离损失，对极光椭圆区负暴起主要作用；

The increase of O + ion loss rate through chemical reaction due to Joule heating and enhancement of ion temperature resulted from strong electric field played a crucial role in the auroral zone .

暴时极光区热层大气焦耳加热与F区电离耗空的EISCAT雷达观测

Storm-time Joule heating of auroral thermosphere and ionization depletion in the F-region ── eiscat radar observation

采用电场辅助自蔓延高温合成技术制备了Al2O3-TiC陶瓷材料。利用电场的焦耳加热效应，使那些通过单一自蔓延高温合成（SHS）技术难以进行或不能进行的反应物的制备得以实现；

In this paper , electric-field-actived self-propagating high-temperature synthesis ( SHS ) was applied to prepare Al2O3-TiC functional gradient materials , which could not be or hard to be carried out by simple SHS .

结果表明，计及焦耳加热时，电流片中等离子体的温度显著增加（是初始温度的2&3倍），但等离子体的运动速度却变化不大。

It is shown that including Joule heating leads to a substantial increase of temperature ( with a factor of 2-3 ), but a negligible variation of velocity for the plasma within the neutral sheet .

观察到欠热模式下金属蒸汽的多次喷发现象，由此提出二次加热机制，即焦耳加热和等离子体加热。

More than one times of the vapor burst from a titanium wire exploding in the mode of underheat were usually observed , which suggested there exist two heating mechanisms , i.e. , Joule heating followed by the plasma heating .

但实际上焦耳效应加热时会在试样内部产生温度梯度，而温度会影响材料的力学行为。

But in fact , joule effect will lead to an internal temperature gradient , which will affect the mechanical behavior of the material .

我们可模仿焦耳的方法代替加热，只通过对水作功来升高温度。

We could instead emulate James Joule and increase the temperature solely by doing work on the water .