定弦

琵琶的常用定弦为A、d、e、a。（5）演奏技法方面：中阮与琵琶演奏技法的差异主要是体现在右手的部分技法上。

Commonly used tune a stringed instrument of the lute A , d. e , a. ( 5 ) playing techniques : Nguyen and pipa playing techniques difference is reflected in the right hand part of the technique .

管弦乐队在定弦。

The orchestra are tuning up .

张两弦，按四五度定弦。

There are two strings , with a four - or five-octave range .

一般按四五度定弦，音域三个八度。

Its range is generally five octaves and three-eighths .

这和小提琴中间两根弦的定弦是相同的。

This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin .

一般以五度定弦，为特殊用途，也可用四度定弦。

The range is normally five octaves , and sometimes four in special cases .

论传统琵琶乐曲的定弦

The Tunes of the Traditional Pipa Music

低音提琴通常被算作提琴类，定弦为第四级音，颈部倾斜和背平是低音提琴的特点。

The double bass , usually considered a member of the violin family , is tuned in fourths and has the sloping shoulders and flat back characteristic of the viols .

本文是笔者学习《第四二胡协奏曲》过程中的一些心得体会，试图探索对此首乐曲的题材背景、创作风格理念及八度定弦的技法技巧等框架作以阐述。

This paper is the author of the fourth erhu concerto learning some of the comments , trying to explore this piece of music theme background and creation style concept and five octaves skills such techniques to expound frame .