石管

第一条引水渠建造于公元前312年，在重力作用下，以石管、铅管和陶管作为输水管道把水引入城区。

First developed around 312 B.C. , these engineering marvels used gravity to transport water along stone , lead and concrete pipelines and into city centers .

肝段（叶）切除+胆总管探查取石+T管引流104例；

Hepatectomy and choledochotomy combined with T tube drainage were performed in 104 cases ;

行单纯胆道探查取石+T管引流72例，优良69.3%；

Hepaticolithotomy combined with T-tube drainage was done in 72 cases , the success rate was 69.3 % .

目的比较三金羟磷灰石根管封闭剂与传统根管封闭剂的封闭能力。

Objective To compare the apical sealing ability of Sankin hydroxyapatite root canal sealer with traditional root canal sealers .

基层医院开展腹腔镜胆总管切开取石T管引流术35例报告

The clinical analysis of laparoscopic choledochotomy and T tube drainage in primary hospital : a report of 35 cases

改良腹腔镜胆道探查取石T管引流术124例

A report of 124 cases treated by means of improved laparoscopic exploration of common bile duct and stone extraction with T-tube drainage

结果该组63例中行肝叶切除49例，胆总管切开取石+T管引流37例，胆肠吻合+肝叶切除或胆总管取石28例。肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形19例。

Results : Among them 49 cases were subjective to hepatectomy , 37 cases to choledochotomy plus T-tube drainage , 28 cases to hepatectomy , cholangiotomy and biliary-enteric anastomosis , 19 cases to plastic operations of the hepatic duct stricture .

腹腔镜下经胆囊管取石及胆囊管内置管（C管）在胆道外科中的应用

The application of laparoscopic transcystic duct exploration and the C tube in biliary surgery

手术治疗（22例）：胰管切开取石、胰管-空肠Roux-Y-en吻合术14例；

Operation treatment performed on 22 cases : Exploration of the pancreatic duct , taking-off stone , and Roux-Y-en pancreaticojejunostomy for 14 cases ;

小儿膀胱切开取石吸痰管引流25例报告

Report on 25 Children Accepting Cystolithotomy Drainage with Sputum Aspirator

方法：腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石，T管引流或一期缝合。

Methods : LCBDE , T duct drainage or primary suture was used .

目的评估腹腔镜胆总管切开取石及置管内引流术的胆汁引流效果。

Objective To evaluate the effect of inter tube drainage after LCH on bile drainage .

目的研究纤维胆道镜取石在肝胆管残余结石治疗上的价值以及彗星征定律的镜外表现。

Objectives To study the value of choledochofiberscope in treatment of residual intrahepatic stones and the outer scope expression of comet sign .

2例中转开腹，7例（6.0%）行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。

Patients were conversed to open technique and 7 patients ( 6.0 % ) were performed by laparoscopic common bile duct exploration with T-tube drainage .

开腹手术治疗组48例，其中胆总管切开取石、T管引流术39例，胆总管十二指肠侧侧吻合术5例，胆总管空肠吻合术4例。

The remaining of 48 cases undertook routine laparotomy ( common bile duct exploration and T tube drainage in 39 cases , Choledochoduodenostomy in 9 cases , choledochojejunostomy in 4 cases ) .

结果59例中55例行腹腔镜手术，54例腹腔镜手术成功，1例中转开腹胆囊切除术，其中1例行腹腔镜下胆总管切开、纤维胆道镜取石、T管引流术。

Results Fifty-five patients underwent laparoscopic operation , including 53 patients underwent successful LC , 1 patient received OC due to the failure of LC , and 1 patient had a laparoscopic common bile duct exploration with fibro cholangioscopy and T tube drainage .

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后内置管引流与T管引流临床研究

The clinical study of internal-tube drainage and T-tube drainage after laparoscopic choledocholithotomy

胆道镜定向微爆破碎石术在胆囊管结石保胆取石中的应用

Choledochoscope directed gallbladder-preserving micro-blasting lithotripsy for cystic duct calculus

目的：比较分析腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后内置管引流与T管引流两种方法对患者康复的影响。

Objective : To analyse the influence of internal-tube drainage and T-tube drainage on the recovery of patients who underwent laparoscopic choledocholithotomy .

方法：回顾性总结分析1999年以来行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后内置管引流的26例患者临床疗效，并与同期行T管引流的31例患者进行了比较。

Methods : The clinical curative effect of 26 patients who underwent laparoscopic choledocholithotomy with internal-tube drainage from 1999 were reviewed retrospectively , and was compared with 31 patients who underwent laparoscopic choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage .

先显露胆总管，用可旋转性弯形鸭嘴钳代替取石钳取石，自制T管置入器置入T管。

Instead , the common bile duct was exposed first and stone were removed with a pair of rotational curved duckbilled forceps in place of the lithotomy forceps , and a T-tube with a self-made T-tube placing device .

胆道镜经胆囊管胆道取石术与胆总管切开取石置T管引流术的比较

Comparison between Laparoscopic Transcystic Common Bile Duct Exploration and T-Tube Drainage of Common Bile Duct after Laparoscopic Exploration

方法采用腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石，术中行胆道镜取石、T型管引流术或胆总管一期缝合术。

[ Methods ] Laparoscopic bile duct exploration and extraction of bile duct was adopted in order to clear the stones T tube drainage was applied or was directly sutured .

腹腔镜下完成手术44例，其中胆总管切开探查取石胆总管一期缝合24例，胆总管切开探查取石胆总管T管引流20例；

Among them , 24 cases underwent choledochotomy with exploration and choledocholithotomy and primary suture of Common bile duct .