优伶

性别、社会性别与优伶性别研究

Research on gender , social gender and traditional opera actors ' gender

演员在中国古代称作优伶。

In ancient China , actor was called Youling .

论男性文士对于女性优伶的文学描述及其文化阐述

On the Literate and Cultural Description of Male Scholars to Female Opera Actress

优伶也有精神，却没有精神的自觉。

Spirit , hath the actor , but little conscience of the spirit .

论男性文士和女性优伶的文化交游

Culture On the cultural communication between the traditional male scholars and the traditional actresses

但他们对于一切大事业的表演者与优伶，却很能赏识。

But they have a taste for all representers and actors of great things .

唐代宫廷优伶研究

Study on the Court Playactors of Tang Dynasty

这也令她感到不安——任何一位优伶遇到这种情况都会感到不安。

This , too , she finds unsettling , as any diva no doubt would .

群众与荣誉却围着优伶而旋转：世界如是进行着。

But around the actors revolve the people and the glory : such is the course of things .

前者使男性优伶也沦为与女性优伶卑贱同格，“男女皆卑”；

The former makes the actors as inferior as actresses , that is , man and woman are all inferior .

笑话的缘起应与古代的优伶相关，与古典小说现也是相为印证的。从其材料来源、体制、价值取向来说，笑话都可视为小说的另类。

According to the material resources , system and value orientation , joke novels can be regarded as another kind of novel .