judiciaries

All state judiciaries are hierarchical , like the federal system .

各州的司法机构都象联邦体系一样分等级的。

State judiciaries interpret state laws and apply them in specific disputes relating to state law .

州司法机构在涉及到州法律的具体争端中解释和运用州法律。

We should refer to the economic organizational theory and methods to study the incentives on judiciaries in order to maximize the value of justice .

为了实现司法公正，应借鉴经济组织理论与方法来研究司法者激励问题，以促使其实现司法价值最大化的目标。

They also enjoyed such rights as local judiciaries and trials by jury in which defendants were assumed innocent until proven guilty .

他们还享有这种权利的地方司法机构和审判中，由陪审团被告是无辜的假设被证明有罪之前。

It would be na ï f to expect complaints about this from producer country officials and judiciaries given the extent of their corruption and complicity .

因为原产地不同程度的腐败和官僚，指望那里的官员和司法的抗议可能会显得幼稚。

Despite the acquiescence of judiciaries power of legal interpretation of individual cases in Chinas judicial practice , such a power has not yet been legally prescribed and theoretically supported .

法律解释是指对法律规范的内部涵义及适用范围等有关问题所作的阐明，其根本目的在于统&而准确地理解和运用法律。

To realize the rule of law in China , judiciary must be guaranteed , which depends on the effective operation and legal guarantee of judiciary power as well as the basic quality of judiciaries .

要实现依法治国，必须确保司法公正。而司法公正的实现有赖于司法人员的法律素质和对司法权力的有效行使及法律保障。

Governments and judiciaries elsewhere are also struggling to decide how to regulate online economies that have spawned multi-million dollar businesses trading virtual items and currencies for hard cash .

世界其它国家的政府和司法部门也在努力解决如何监管网络经济的问题。目前，网络经济已催生出以虚拟物品和货币交换现金的大规模交易，交易额达到数百万美元。

Along with the enlargement of the quantity of the subjects of civil action , the suing of solving colony disputes is widely attracting scholars , judiciaries all over the world .

随着民事诉讼主体数量上的扩大，群体性纠纷诉讼在世界各国引起了学者、司法实践者的广泛关注。

In order to punish credit card crime , the legislature has amended the law and added new charges , Judiciaries also introduced a lot judicial interpretations about credit card crime and achieved good results .

为了惩治信用卡犯罪，立法机关不断修改法律，增加新的罪名，司法机关也出台了不少关于信用卡犯罪的司法解释并且取得了良好的效果。

People who study judiciaries , that 's me now , are traditionally reluctant to talk about behind-the-scenes issues , like making judges , for fear of being seen as interfering with judicial independence .

研究司法的人，也就是现在我做的事情，传统上不愿意谈论幕后的问题，比如评判，因为担心被认为是干涉司法独立。

Owing to the fact that no current laws or judicial interpretation have defined the provision , judiciaries could only use discretionary power to make judgment , which in a manner affects the standardization of executing the law .

由于现行法律和司法解释对此均未做出明确的规定，法官只能运用自由裁量权做出判断，这在一定程度上影响了执法统一。

Japan , India and China have taken on the material trappings of Modernism : skyscrapers , rail systems , telecoms networks , parliaments , judiciaries and , in some cases , ballot boxes .

日本、印度和中国呈现出了现代主义的物质外表：摩天大楼、轨道交通系统、电信网络、议会、司法体系以及（在某些情况下）投票箱。

Besides the enough theoretic basis , there have many realistic bases to the supervision to the jurisdiction , including the structure of the judiciaries , the phenomenon of judicial corruption , the lacking of judicial authority and judicial belief in the public .

对审判权实施监督不仅有充分的理论基础，而且我国目前的法官队伍现状、司法腐败现象、司法权威和司法公信力现状构成了对审判权实施监督的实证依据。

In our country , the criminal law emphasizes on the deterrent very seriously , and the attention to the concept of function of penalty is very popular . When the realization of criminal responsibility , the judiciaries also over-reliance on the application of penalties .

我国刑法迷信刑罚的威慑作用、重视刑罚功能的观念依然严重，实现刑事责任方式过分依赖刑罚的适用。

The fifth part is to discourse upon other important factors which may affect penalty measurement justness and balance , including criminal law , criminal policies , judiciaries , social lawful consciousness and other aspects , which may settle down a stable foundation for establishing scientific penalty measurement system .

第五部分论述了其他影响量刑公正与平衡的重要因素，包括刑事法律、刑事政策、法官和社会法律意识等方面，为建立科学量刑机制奠定基础。